English-Thai Dictionary

how

ADV เท่าไร  เท่าใด  เพียงใด  แค่ ไหน  อย่างไร  เช่นไร  tao-rai

 

Webster's 1828 Dictionary

HOW

adv. In what manner. I know not how to answer. How can a man be born when he is old?
How can these things be? John 3:9.
1. To what degree or extent. How long shall we suffer these indignities? How much better is wisdom than gold!
O how love I thy law! How sweet are thy words to my taste. Psalm 119:97, 1 3.
2. For what reason; from what cause.
How now, my love, why is your cheek so pale?
3. By what means. How can this effect by produced?
4. In what state.
How, and with what reproach shall I return!
5. It is used in a sense marking proportion; as how much less; how much more.
Behold, he putteth no trust in his servants--how much less in them that dwell in houses of clay-- Job 4:19.
By how much they would diminish the present extent of the sea, so much they would impair the fertility and fountains and rivers of the earth.
6. It is much used in exclamation.
How are the mighty fallen! 2 Samuel 1:19.
7. In some popular phrases, how is superfluous or inelegant.
Thick clouds put us in some hope of land; knowing how that part of the South Sea was utterly unknown.

 

Webster's 1913 Dictionary

HOW

How, adv. Etym: [OE. how, hou, hu, hwu, AS. h, from the same root as hwa, hwæt, who, what, pron. interrog. ; akin to OS. hwow, D. hoe, cf. G. wie how, Goth. hwe wherewith, hwaiwa how. sq. root182. See Who, and cf. Why. ]

 

1. In what manner or way; by what means or process. How can a man be born when he is old John iii. 4.

 

2. To what degree or extent, number or amount; in what proportion; by what measure or quality. O, how love I thy law! it is my meditation all the day. Ps. cxix. 97. By how much they would diminish the present extent of the sea, so much they would impair the fertility, and fountains, and rivers of the earth. Bentley.

 

3. For what reason; from what cause. How now, my love! why is your cheek so pale Shak.

 

4. In what state, condition, or plight. How, and with what reproach, shall I return Dryden.

 

5. By what name, designation, or title. How art thou called Shak.

 

6. At what price; how dear. [Obs. ] How a score of ewes now Shak.

 

Note: How is used in each sense, interrogatively, interjectionally, and relatively; it is also often employed to emphasize an interrogation or exclamation. "How are the mighty fallen! " 2 Sam. i. 27. Sometimes, also, it is used as a noun; -- as, the how, the when, the wherefore. Shelley. Let me beg you -- don't say "How " for "What " Holmes.

 

New American Oxford Dictionary

how

how 1 |hou haʊ | ▶adverb [ usu. interrogative adverb ] 1 in what way or manner; by what means: how does it work? | he did not know how he ought to behave | [ with infinitive ] : he showed me how to adjust the focus. 2 used to ask about the condition or quality of something: how was your vacation? | how did they play? • used to ask about someone's physical or mental state: how are the children? | I asked how he was doing. 3 [ with adj. or adv. ] used to ask about the extent or degree of something: how old are you? | how long will it take? | I wasn't sure how fast to go. • used to express a strong feeling such as surprise about the extent of something: how kind it was of him | how I wish I had been there! 4 [ relative adverb ] the way in which; that: she told us how she had lived out of a suitcase for a week. • in any way in which; however: I'll do business how I like. PHRASES and how! informal very much so (used to express strong agreement ): “Did you miss me? ” “And how! ” here's how! dated said when drinking to someone's health. how about 1 used to make a suggestion or offer: how about a drink? 2 used when asking for information or an opinion on something: how about your company? the how and why the methods and reasons for doing something: tonight's edition demystifies the how and why of television ratings. how come? see come. how do? an informal greeting. how do you do? a formal greeting. how many what number: how many books did you sell? how much what amount or price: just how much did it cost? how now? archaic what is the meaning of this? how so? how can you show that that is so? how's that for ——? isn't that a remarkable instance of ——?: how's that for stereotypical thinking? ORIGIN Old English hū; related to Dutch hoe, also to who and what .

 

how

how 2 |haʊ hou | ▶exclam. a greeting attributed to North American Indians (used in humorous imitation ). ORIGIN early 19th cent.: perhaps from Sioux háo or Omaha hou.

 

Oxford Dictionary

how

how 1 |haʊ | ▶adverb [ usu. interrogative adverb ] 1 in what way or manner; by what means: how does it work? | he did not know how he ought to behave | [ with infinitive ] : he showed me how to adjust the focus. 2 used to ask about the condition or quality of something: how was your holiday? | how did they play? • used to ask about someone's physical or mental state: how are the children? | I asked how he was doing. 3 [ with adj. or adv. ] used to ask about the extent or degree of something: how old are you? | how long will it take? | I wasn't sure how fast to go. • used to express a strong feeling such as surprise about the extent of something: how kind it was of him | how I wish I had been there! 4 [ relative adverb ] the way in which; that: she told us how she had lived out of a suitcase for a week. • in any way in which; however: I'll do business how I like. PHRASES and how! informal very much so (used to express strong agreement ): ‘Did you miss me? ’ ‘And how! ’. how about 1 used to make a suggestion or offer: how about a drink? 2 used when asking for information or an opinion on something: how about your company? the how and why the methods and reasons for doing something: tonight's edition demystifies the how and why of television ratings. how come? see come. how do you do? a formal greeting. how many what number: how many books did you sell? how much what amount or price: how much did I win? how now? archaic what is the meaning of this? how so? how can you show that that is so? how's that? 1 what is your opinion of that? 2 Cricket is the batsman out or not? (said to an umpire ).ORIGIN Old English hū, of West Germanic origin; related to Dutch hoe, also to who and what .

 

how

how 2 |haʊ | ▶exclamation a greeting attributed to North American Indians (used in humorous imitation ). ORIGIN early 19th cent.: perhaps from Sioux háo or Omaha hou.

 

Sanseido Wisdom Dictionary

how

how /haʊ / (!( (1 )一般にhowで始まる疑問文 感嘆文は下降調となる. (2 )一般に疑問文では強勢を受けるが, else, on earthなどを伴うとそちらに強勢が移ることが多い; 間接疑問文や感嘆文では強勢を受けない )) 副詞 1 〖方法 仕方 様態 〗a. 〖文頭 間接疑問で 〗どういう方法 [手段 ]で , どのようにして , どんなふうに ▸ How did he get [find ] the money? 彼はどのようにしてそのお金を手に入れた [見つけた ]のか (!｟話 ｠では時に強意的に How on earth [｟ぞんざいに ｠the hell, ｟まれ ｠ever ] did …? (いったいどのようにして …したのか ) のような形で用いる; →hell 1 語法 ) ▸ “How did you go to school? ” “I went by bike. ”「通学はどうしていたのですか 」「自転車で通っていました 」▸ “How does Ann drive? ” “Very carefully. ”「アンの車の運転ぶりはどうですか 」「非常に慎重ですね 」▸ I don't know how I should behave at the party .私はパーティでどうふるまって良いのかわからない (≒｟かたく ｠… know the way in which I behave at …) (!｟コーパス ｠主節の主語と一致する場合how to behave at … の方が普通; ↓1 b ) ▸ How else do you explain it? ほかにどうやってそれを説明しますか ▸ a scientific explanation of how and why we sleep 我々が睡眠をとる方法と理由の科学的説明 .b. 〖how to do 〗どのように … したらよいか , …する方法 , …の仕方 ▸ Could you tell me how to get to the station? 駅へはどう行ったらいいか教えてください (≒… how I can get to the station? ↑1a 第4例注記 )▸ how to play shogi [go ]将棋の指し方 [碁の打ち方 ]▸ Talk to your doctor about how best to look after your child .お子さんの最善のお世話の方法はかかりつけの医師にご相談ください (≒… about the best way to look …)c. ｟くだけて ｠〖問い返し疑問 〗(相手の発言を聞き返したり促して )どうやって , どのようにして (!通例語順は肯定文のまま ) ▸ “I came through the door. ” “And who showed you how ?”「入口から入ってきたんだ 」「それでだれがどうやって案内したの 」▸ They are formed how ?それらが作り出されるのはどのようにしてですか (!教師 指導者などが生徒に発言を促すときに好まれる ) .2 〖程度 〗a. 〖how ＋形容詞 /副詞 …〗(数量 程度 年齢などを尋ねて )どのくらい , どれほど ▸ How old is your uncle? おじさんは何歳ですか ▸ How long will she be staying here? 彼女はいつまでここにいるのだろうか ▸ How far is it from Washington to New York? ワシントンからニューヨークまで (距離は )どれくらいありますか ▸ How soon does the movie begin? あとどのくらいで映画は始まるかな ▸ How many visitors are you expecting to come? お客さんは何人くらいの予定でしょうか ▸ How much money do you need? お金はいくら必要ですか ▸ I don't know how long the street is .その通りの長さはわかりません ｟作文のポイント ｠この車は君のよりどのくらい速く走れるの .× How faster can this car run than yours? ○ How much faster can this car …?❢比較級を修飾するときhowはhow muchにする .語法 ①how ＋形容詞 ＋a [an ]＋名詞 a [an ]＋形容詞 ＋名詞 をhowと用いる場合, how ＋形容詞 ＋a [an ]＋名詞 の語順となるが, この構文は ｟かたく ｠で好まれる. ただし, a [an ]を伴わない場合や複数形名詞の場合はこの構文は用いられない ▸ We didn't know how big a problem it was .我々はそれがどれほど大きな問題なのかということをわかっていなかった (╳… how big problem it was. や ╳… how big problems they were. としない ).②how と前提 長さ 大きさ 高さなどを前提なしに尋ねるときは How long [big, large, high, deep, wide ]などの連語を用い, 強勢は後続の 形容詞 副詞 に置かれる ▸ How l ó ng is the bridge? その橋の長さはどれくらいありますか 強勢をhowに置いて H ó w short is it? と言えば 「短い 」(short )ことが前提にあり 「(短いと言うが )どれくらい短いのか 」という意味になる. したがって H ó w old is your uncle? と言うと 「 (高齢と言うが )おじさんはどれくらいの高齢ですか 」の意を表す .b. 〖how much 〗(値段が )いくらで ▸ How much were your shoes?君の靴は (値段が )いくらでしたか (≒What did your shoes cost? ) (!一般に金額を尋ねる場合whatも用いられる ↓語法 :What [How much ] is your income? 君の収入はいくらですか ) ▸ “How much do you want? ” “Ten dollars.”「いくら欲しいの 」「10ドル 」語法 コーパス how muchとwhat income, salary, wage, paymentsなど金額 価格の意味を含む 名詞 が主語となる場合は一般にwhatの方が好まれる. 特にpriceの場合はwhatのみ可能 ▸ What's [╳How much is ] the sticker price? 希望小売価格はいくらですか .3 〖健康状態 近況 〗どんな調子 [具合 ]で , どう (→成句 what is A like? )▸ How are you this morning? 今朝のご機嫌 [ご気分 ]はいかがですか (↓成句 How are you? )▸ How (are ) you feeling? 気分はどうですか ▸ How's your wife? 奥さんはお元気ですか (!howは一時的な状態を尋ね, 永続的な外見 人格を尋ねるときはWhat is … like? を用いる:What is your wife like? 奥さんはどんな方ですか ) ▸ How is your knee now? ひざの調子はどうですか 4 〖状況 様子 結果 〗どういう状態 [成果 ]で , どんなふうで , どう (!be, look, likeなどの補語として ) ▸ How was your interview? 面接はどうでしたか ▸ How's your new job going? 新しい仕事はどんな具合ですか ▸ How is the weather in Paris? (電話口で )そちらパリのお天気はどうですか ▸ How do I look in this dress? この服 (着てみたけど )どうかしら (╳How does this dress look? としない )▸ How do you think movies will change in the next five years? 映画は今後5年間でどのように変わると思いますか コミュニケーション A: How do you like your coffee? コーヒーは何か入れますか .B: Black, please . ブラックでください .コーパスの窓 howとwhat 1 通例howは 形容詞 副詞 について, whatは 名詞 について聞く場合に対応する ▸ “How does it taste? ” “It tastes salty. ”「それはどんな味がしますか 」「塩辛いです 」▸ “What does it taste like? ” “It tastes like chicken. ”「それは何の味がしますか 」「鶏 （とり ）の味がします 」2 動詞 によって, howとwhatのいずれも可能だが意味用法が異なるもの (think, feel, like, find, see, mean, say ), 通例howを用いるもの (look, sound, explain, rate, taste, spell, define, put it, pronounce ), 通例whatを用いるもの (look like, call, smell, taste like, consider )がある ▸ What [╳How ] do you think about [of ] that? それについてどう思いますか (!feelではいずれも可能だがhowの方が普通: How [What ] do you feel about that? それについてどう感じますか ) ▸ What [How ] do you mean (by that )?(それは )どういう意味ですか (!(1 )by句を伴って具体的内容を示す場合はwhatの方が圧倒的に普通. (2 )しばしば当惑 立腹を暗示 ) ▸ How [╳What ] do you rate him? 彼をどのように評価しますか ▸ What [╳How ] do you call this? これは何と呼びますか (!名前を聞くときの表現 ) .5 〖理由 原因 〗どうして , どういう訳で (why )▸ How did she happen to be there? どうして彼女はあの場に居合わせたのか ▸ Can you tell how he got so angry? どうして彼があんなに怒ったかわかりますか ▸ How can you say so? どうして君はそんなふうに言えるのか 6 〖感嘆文 〗a. 〖how ＋形容詞 /副詞 ＋主語 ＋動詞 〗(まあ ) なんと [いかに ]…なことか ; 〖間接感嘆文で 〗どんなに [いかに ]…か ▸ How pretty this flower is! この花, とってもきれいだわ ▸ Did you see how fast he ran? 彼の足がどんなに速いかわかったか b. 〖how ＋主語 ＋動詞 〗どんなに …なことか ▸ How time flies!時のたつのは速いなあ ; えっ, もうこんな時間ですか ▸ How she wished she had won the match! 彼女はどんなにあの試合に勝ちたかったか ▸ How I'm looking forward to summer vacation! 夏休みがとても待ちどおしい 語法 1 構文 howを使った感嘆文はHow ＋形容詞 /副詞 ＋主語 ＋動詞 ＋! または ｟かたく ｠How ＋形容詞 ＋a [an ]＋名詞 ＋主語 ＋動詞 ＋! の形になるが, 名詞 を伴う場合, 後者の代わりにWhat ＋a [an ]＋形容詞 ＋名詞 ＋主語 ＋動詞 ＋! の形を用いる方が一般的. 名詞 にかかわる不定冠詞と複数形の問題については ↑2a 語法 (1 ). 程度に重点をおくときはhowが好まれる ▸ People are shocked at how good a singer you are .みんな君がどれほどすごい歌手かということに衝撃を受けているんだ .2 感嘆文のwhatは ｟話 ｠でよく用いられるが, howは ｟ややかたく 古 ｠に感じられ, 代わりに他の表現が用いられることも少なくない ▸ S ù ch [Wh à t ] a m é ss! なんて散らかりようだ (≒How messy it is! )▸ You d ó look pretty .(いでたちを見て )君はなんてきれいなんだ (≒How pretty you look! )3 文脈によりしばしば主語 ＋動詞 を省略する ▸ How funny (it is )!なんておかしいんだろ ▸ How kind (you are )! ≒How kind of you! 本当にご親切さまです 7 〖先行詞を含む関係副詞 〗…する方法 [仕方 ]▸ This is how [｟まれ ｠the way how ] they entertained us .こんなふうに彼らは私たちをもてなしてくれた ▸ How he did it was very impressive .彼の手際は実に見事だった 8 〖副詞節を導く関係副詞 〗｟くだけた話 ｠どのように … しても (in any way, however ) (!通例how節の 動詞 はlike, please, wantなど ) ▸ Do it how you like .どんな方法でもよいから好きなようにやりなさい 9 〖名詞節を導く接続詞的に 〗｟話 ｠…ということ ((the fact ) that ) (!thatとほぼ同じ意味だが, 特に感慨をこめてremember, know, tellなどの 動詞 の目的語になる ) ▸ Do you remember how we used to be naughty? ぼくらが昔はわんぱくだったことを覚えているか ▸ It's good how he always remembers my birthday .彼がいつも私の誕生日を忘れないでいてくれるのがうれしい (!いずれもthatで言い換えられる ) And h ó w!｟話 /やや古 ｠そうだとも, まったくその通りだ (!相手の発言に肯定の同意 (yes )を強調する ) .á ny (old ) h ò w ｟くだけて ｠〖通例文尾で 〗軽率に, ぞんざいに (carelessly ).as h ó w ｟俗 方言 ｠…ということ (that ); …かどうか (whether ) (!特に政治報道の記事で用いられる ) .H è re's h ó w!｟やや古 ｠ご健康を祝して乾杯 .H ó w about A? ｟話 ｠ (!Aが 代名詞 のとき強勢はHow ab ó ut A?; →what about A?) 1 (提案 勧誘を表し )A (して )はどうか (!Aは 名詞 動名 など ) ▸ How about (going to ) the movies tonight? 今夜映画を見に行かないか ▸ How about (if ) we go out for lunch? お昼を食べに行くというのはどう (!｟よりくだけて 非標準 ｠ではAに (if )＋主語 ＋動詞 も用いる ) 2 (意見 情報を求めて )Aについてはどうか ▸ “I'm very busy today. How about tomorrow? ”「今日はとても忙しいんだ . 明日ならどう 」3 ｟非難して ｠Aはどうなんだ ▸ How about your violence? お前の暴力行為はどうしてくれる H ò w about th á t?＝how 's that? (2 ).H ò w about th á t!＝H ò w do you l í ke th à t!すごい [ひどい ]だろう (!特に自分の言った内容を受けて驚き 賞賛を表す ) ▸ He's won a car in a lottery. How about that !彼はくじで車が当ったんだ . すごいだろ H ò w about y ó u?君はどう思う [何にする ]▸ I'd like a beer ―how about you ?ぼくはビールをもらうけど, 君は何にするかい ▸ I agree. How about you ?私は賛成だ . あなたはどうですか H ò w are th í ngs? ↓表現 (1 ).H ò w á re you? 1 お元気ですか, 調子はどうですか, ご機嫌いかがですか (!知り合い同士で近況を尋ねる丁寧な型どおりのあいさつ ) ▸ “How á re you (↘), J ò hn (↗)?” “(I'm ) (just ) f í ne [(very ) g ó od, (very ) w é ll (↘)], thank you (↗). How are y ó u (↘) [And y ó u (↗), H ò w about y ó u (↘), Wh à t about y ó u (↘)]?”「ジョン, お元気ですか 」「 (いたって )元気です, ありがとう . あなたはどうですか 」 (!親しみを出すためしばしば名前や敬称の呼びかけを伴う ) ▸ Hello, Jim, how are you today? I got two quick questions .やあ, ジム, ご機嫌いかが, ちょっと聞きたいことが2つあるんだけど (!特に返事を期待せずに用いることもある ) .2 ↑3 .3 ｟主に米 くだけて ｠初めまして (How do you do? ).表現 1 近況を尋ねるあいさつ a. 人に重点を置く表現 ▸ How are you getting on? うまくやっていますか ▸ How are [How're , ｟くだけて ｠How ] you doing? どう [元気に ]していますか (!How youは通例 /háujə /と発音する ) ▸ How (have ) you been? ｟くだけて ｠どう [元気に ]してた .b. 状況に重点を置く表現 ▸ How're things (with you )?≒｟くだけて ｠How's it going? ≒｟米 ｠What's up? ≒｟英 ｠How's things (going )?≒｟俗 ｠How's (it ) with you? 調子はどうだい ▸ What's new? ｟米 ｠お変わりないですか .2 さまざまな応え方 ▸ (I'm ) OK [great, all right ].≒(I'm ) doing okay. ≒｟俗 ｠I'm cool .調子いいです ▸ (Very [A bit ]) busy .(すごく [ちょっと ])忙しくてね ▸ Not too bad. ≒Fair to middling. ≒No more than I have to .まあまあ [ぼちぼち ]です ▸ (I ) couldn't be better. ≒(I've ) never been [felt ] better .最高さ ▸ (I've ) been getting by .何とかやってるよ ▸ Not so good [well ].それほど良くないね ▸ (I [Things ]) could be better .今ひとつだ ▸ (I [Things ]) could be worse .悪くないね .H ò w (are ) you d ó ing? ↑表現 (1 ).H ó w c à n [c ò uld ] A do ?｟非難して ｠どうしてA 〈人 〉は …できるの, よくもAは …できるもんだ (!Aはしばしばyou; 人の行為が信じがたかったり驚いたりした時に言う修辞疑問で返事は期待しない ) ▸ How can you say you don't love me? 私を愛してないなんてよく言えるわね (!省略してH ò w c á n [c ó uld ] you? (ひどい, 信じられない, よくやるよ )ともいう ) ▸ How could Ben be so stupid? どうしてベンはあんなばかなまねができたんだろう H ò w c ó me (…)?｟話 ｠(特に驚いて理由 原因を尋ねて )どうしてなのか (!｟英 ｠より ｟米 ｠で好まれる; →why 副詞 1a 類義 ) ▸ How come she was so unhappy? 彼女はなぜあんなに落ちこんでいたんだろう (≒Why was she so unhappy? ) (!whyと違って主語 ＋助動詞 は倒置しない ) ▸ “Ann said she'll be late home tonight. ” “How come ?”「アンは今晩帰りが遅くなるそうだ 」「なんで 」H ò w do you d ó? ｟かたく やや古 ｠初めまして (!初対面のあいさつ; 相手もHow do you do? と応える; ｟くだけて ｠Howdy? , How d'ye do? /hàʊdjədúː /, How do? , How-de-do?/hàʊdɪdúː /, ともいう; ｟くだけて ｠では代わりに (It's ) nice to meet you. , (I'm ) glad to meet you. と言うこともある; →meet 1 他動詞 3 コーパスの窓 ; ↑how are you? (3 )) .H ò w í s [c ó mes ] it (that ) …?｟くだけて ｠〖強調形 〗…ということはどういう訳 [どうして ]か ▸ How is it (that ) your grades are so good when you play around so much? 君は遊び回っているのになんでこんなに成績がいいのかな H ò w n ó w?｟古 ｠これはどういうこと [意味 ]か .H ó w's about A? ｟主に米 ｠＝how about A?H ò w s ó? ｟くだけて ｠どうしてそうなの (!特に驚いた時に用いる; 否定文に対してはHow not? も用いる:Not happy? How not ? うれしくないって. どうしてなの .) H ò w's th á t?｟くだけて ｠1 それはどういうわけか ▸ “I decided to change my Internet provider. ” “How's that ?”「インターネットのプロバイダを換えることにした 」「どうしてなの 」2 (意見 満足度などを尋ねて ) «…については » それでどうですか «for » (!またHow [What do you think ] about that? とも ) ▸ Let's try a different lens. How's that ? Is it clearer now? レンズを換えてみましょう . それでどうですか . 今度ははっきり見えますか 3 もう一度言ってください, 何と言ったの (!againを伴うことがある ) ▸ “I've just seen a UFO. ” “How's that again ?”「今UFOを見たんだ 」「何だって, もう一度言ってよ 」4 〘クリケット 〙(審判に向かって )判定はどうだ .H ò w's th á t for A? A 〈事 〉のお手本みたいなものじゃないか ▸ We solved the problem. How's that for ingenuity? あの問題は解決した . 創意工夫もいいところだろう H ó w th è n?これはどうした訳か, それはどうしてか .Th á t's h ò w it í s .(前述の内容を受けて )そういうことなんです .名詞 C 〖通例the ～〗方法 , しかた ▸ the how (s ) and the why (s ) of what one's doing 今やっていることの (さまざまな )方法と理由