The Wordsmith Dictionary

Shall, v. i. & auxiliary. [imp. Should. ] Etym: [OE. shal, schal, imp. sholde, scholde, AS. scal, sceal, I am obliged, imp. scolde, sceolde, inf. sculan; akin to OS. skulan, pres. skal, imp. skolda, D. zullen, pres. zal, imp. zoude, zou, OHG. solan, scolan, pres. scal, sol. imp. scolta, solta, G. sollen, pres. soll, imp. sollte, Icel. skulu, pres.skal, imp. skyldi, SW. skola, pres. skall, imp. skulle, Dan. skulle, pres. skal, imp. skulde, Goth. skulan, pres. skal, imp. skulda, and to AS. scyld guilt, G. schuld guilt, fault, debt, and perhaps to L. scelus crime. ]

Note: [Shall is defective, having no infinitive, imperative, or participle. ]

1. To owe; to be under obligation for. [Obs. ] "By the faith I shall to God " Court of Love.

2. To be obliged; must. [Obs. ] "Me athinketh [I am sorry ] that I shall rehearse it her. " Chaucer.

3. As an auxiliary, shall indicates a duty or necessity whose obligation is derived from the person speaking; as, you shall go; he shall go; that is, I order or promise your going. It thus ordinarily expresses, in the second and third persons, a command, a threat, or a promise. If the auxillary be emphasized, the command is made more imperative, the promise or that more positive and sure. It is also employed in the language of prophecy; as, "the day shall come when. .., " since a promise or threat and an authoritative prophecy nearly coincide in significance. In shall with the first person, the necessity of the action is sometimes implied as residing elsewhere than in the speaker; as, I shall suffer; we shall see; and there is always a less distinct and positive assertion of his volition than is indicated by will. "I shall go " implies nearly a simple futurity; more exactly, a foretelling or an expectation of my going, in which, naturally enough, a certain degree of plan or intention may be included; emphasize the shall, and the event is described as certain to occur, and the expression approximates in meaning to our emphatic "I will go. " In a question, the relation of speaker and source of obligation is of course transferred to the person addressed; as, "Shall you go " (answer, "I shall go "); "Shall he go " i. e., "Do you require or promise his going " (answer, "He shall go ".) The same relation is transferred to either second or third person in such phrases as "You say, or think, you shall go; " "He says, or thinks, he shall go. " After a conditional conjunction (as if, whether ) shall is used in all persons to express futurity simply; as, if I, you, or he shall say they are right. Should is everywhere used in the same connection and the same senses as shall, as its imperfect. It also expresses duty or moral obligation; as, he should do it whether he will or not. In the early English, and hence in our English Bible, shall is the auxiliary mainly used, in all the persons, to express simple futurity. (Cf. Will, v. t.) Shall may be used elliptically; thus, with an adverb or other word expressive of motion go may be omitted. "He to England shall along with you. " Shak.

Note: Shall and will are often confounded by inaccurate speakers and writers. Say: I shall be glad to see you. Shall I do this Shall I help you (not Will I do this ) See Will.

SHALLI

SHALLI Shal "li, n.

Defn: See Challis.

SHALLON

SHALLON Shal "lon, n. (Bot. )

Defn: An evergreen shrub (Gaultheria Shallon ) of Northwest America; also, its fruit. See Salal-berry.

SHALLOON

Shal *loon ", n. Etym: [F. chalon, from Châlons, in France, where it was first made. ]

Defn: A thin, loosely woven, twilled worsted stuff. In blue shalloon shall Hannibal be clad. Swift.

SHALLOP

Shal "lop, n. Etym: [F. chaloupe, probably from D. sloep. Cf. Sloop. ](Naut. )

Defn: A boat. [She ] thrust the shallop from the floating strand. Spenser.

Note: The term shallop is applied to boats of all sizes, from a light canoe up to a large boat with masts and sails.

SHALLOT

Shal *lot ", n. Etym: [OF. eschalote (for escalone ), F. échalote. See Scallion, and cf. Eschalot. ] (Bot. )

Defn: A small kind of onion (Allium Ascalonicum ) growing in clusters, and ready for gathering in spring; a scallion, or eschalot.

SHALLOW

Shal "low, a. [Compar. Shallower; superl. Shallowest.] Etym: [OE. schalowe, probably originally, sloping or shelving; cf. Icel. skjalgr wry, squinting, AS. sceolh, D. & G. scheel, OHG. schelah. Cf. Shelve to slope, Shoal shallow. ]

1. Not deep; having little depth; shoal. "Shallow brooks, and rivers wide. " Milton.

2. Not deep in tone. [R.] The sound perfecter and not so shallow and jarring. Bacon.

3. Not intellectually deep; not profound; not penetrating deeply; simple; not wise or knowing; ignorant; superficial; as, a shallow mind; shallow learning. The king was neither so shallow, nor so ill advertised, as not to perceive the intention of the French king. Bacon. Deep versed in books, and shallow in himself. Milton.

SHALLOW

SHALLOW Shal "low, n.

1. A place in a body of water where the water is not deep; a shoal; a flat; a shelf. A swift stream is not heard in the channel, but upon shallows of gravel. Bacon. Dashed on the shallows of the moving sand. Dryden.

2. (Zoöl.)

Defn: The rudd. [Prov. Eng. ]

SHALLOW

SHALLOW Shal "low, v. t.

Defn: To make shallow. Sir T. Browne.

SHALLOW

SHALLOW Shal "low, v. i.

Defn: To become shallow, as water.

SHALLOW-BODIED

SHALLOW-BODIED Shal "low-bod `ied, a. (Naut. )

Defn: Having a moderate depth of hold; -- said of a vessel.

SHALLOW-BRAINED

SHALLOW-BRAINED Shal "low-brained `, a.

Defn: Weak in intellect; foolish; empty-headed. South.

SHALLOW-HEARTED

SHALLOW-HEARTED Shal "low-heart `ed, a.

Defn: Incapable of deep feeling. Tennyson.

SHALLOWLY

SHALLOWLY Shal "low *ly, adv.

Defn: In a shallow manner.

SHALLOWNESS

SHALLOWNESS Shal "low *ness, n.

Defn: Quality or state of being shallow.

SHALLOW-PATED

SHALLOW-PATED Shal "low-pat `ed, a.

Defn: Shallow-brained.

SHALLOW-WAISTED

SHALLOW-WAISTED Shal "low-waist `ed, a. (Naut. )

Defn: Having a flush deck, or with only a moderate depression amidships; -- said of a vessel.

New American Oxford Dictionary

shall

shall |SHal ʃæl ʃəl | ▶modal verb ( 3rd sing. present shall ) 1 (in the first person ) expressing the future tense: this time next week I shall be in Scotland. 2 expressing a strong assertion or intention: they shall succeed | you shall not frighten me out of this. 3 expressing an instruction or command: you shall not steal. 4 used in questions indicating offers or suggestions: shall I send you the book? | shall we go? ORIGIN Old English sceal, of Germanic origin; related to Dutch zal and German soll, from a base meaning ‘owe. ’ usage: There is considerable confusion about when to use shall and will. The traditional rule in standard English is that shall is used with first person pronouns ( I and we ) to form the future tense, while will is used with second and third persons ( you, he, she, it, they ): I shall be late; she will not be there. To express a strong determination to do something, these positions are reversed, with will being used with the first person and shall with the second and third persons: I will not tolerate this; you shall go to school. In practice, however, shall and will are today used more or less interchangeably in statements (although not in questions ). Given that the forms are frequently contracted ( we'll, she'll, etc. ), there is often no need to make a choice between shall and will, another factor no doubt instrumental in weakening the distinction. In modern English, the interchangeable use of shall and will is an acceptable part of standard US and British English.

shallop

shal lop |ˈSHaləp ˈʃæləp | ▶noun chiefly historical a light sailboat used mainly for coastal fishing or as a tender. • a large heavy boat with one or more masts and carrying fore-and-aft or lug sails and sometimes equipped with guns. ORIGIN late 16th cent.: from French chaloupe, from Dutch sloep ‘sloop. ’

shallot

shal lot |SHəˈlät, ˈSHalət ʃəˈlɑt | ▶noun 1 a small bulb that resembles an onion and is used for pickling or as a substitute for onion. 2 the plant that produces these bulbs, each mature bulb producing a cluster of smaller bulbs. [Allium ascalonicum, family Liliaceae (or Alliaceae ).] ORIGIN mid 17th cent.: shortening of eschalot, from French eschalotte, alteration of Old French eschaloigne (in Anglo-Norman French scaloun: see scallion ).

shallow

shal low |ˈSHalō ˈʃæloʊ | ▶adjective of little depth: serve the noodles in a shallow bowl | being fairly shallow, the water was warm. • situated at no great depth: the shallow bed of the North Sea. • varying only slightly from a specified or understood line or direction, esp. the horizontal: a shallow roof. • not exhibiting, requiring, or capable of serious thought: a shallow analysis of contemporary society. • (of breathing ) taking in little air. ▶noun (shallows ) an area of the sea, a lake, or a river where the water is not very deep. ▶verb [ no obj. ] (of the sea, a lake, or a river ) become less deep over time or in a particular place: the boat ground to a halt where the water shallowed. DERIVATIVES shal low ly adverb, shal low ness noun ORIGIN late Middle English: obscurely related to shoal 2 .

Oxford Dictionary

shall

shall |ʃal, ʃ (ə )l | ▶modal verb ( 3rd sing. present shall ) 1 (in the first person ) expressing the future tense: this time next week I shall be in Scotland | we shan't be gone long. 2 expressing a strong assertion or intention: they shall succeed | you shall not frighten me out of this. 3 expressing an instruction, command, or obligation: every employer shall take all practicable steps to ensure the safety of employees | you shall not steal. 4 used in questions indicating offers or suggestions: shall I send you the book? | shall we go? ORIGIN Old English sceal, of Germanic origin; related to Dutch zal and German soll, from a base meaning ‘owe ’. usage: There is considerable confusion about when to use shall and will. The traditional rule in standard British English is that shall is used with first person pronouns ( I and we ) to form the future tense, while will is used with second and third persons ( you, he, she, it, they ), e.g. I shall be late; she will not be there. To express a strong determination to do something these positions are reversed, with will being used with the first person and shall with the second and third persons, e.g. I will not tolerate this; you shall go to school. In practice, however, shall and will are today used more or less interchangeably in statements (though not in questions ). Given that the forms are frequently contracted ( we'll, she'll, etc. ) there is often no need to make a choice between shall and will, another factor no doubt instrumental in weakening the distinction. The interchangeable use of shall and will is now part of standard British and US English.

shallop

shallop |ˈʃaləp | ▶noun chiefly historical a light sailing boat used mainly for coastal fishing or as a tender. • a large, heavy boat with one or more masts and carrying fore-and-aft or lug sails, sometimes equipped with guns. ORIGIN late 16th cent.: from French chaloupe, from Dutch sloep ‘sloop ’.

shallot

shallot |ʃəˈlɒt | ▶noun 1 a small bulb which resembles an onion and is used for pickling or as a substitute for onion. 2 the plant which produces shallots, each mature bulb producing a cluster of smaller bulbs. ●Allium ascalonicum, family Liliaceae (or Alliaceae ). ORIGIN mid 17th cent.: shortening of eschalot, from French eschalotte, alteration of Old French eschaloigne (in Anglo-Norman French scaloun: see scallion ).

shallow

shal |low |ˈʃaləʊ | ▶adjective 1 of little depth: serve the noodles in a shallow bowl | being fairly shallow, the water was warm. • situated at no great depth: the shallow bed of the North Sea. • varying only slightly from a specified or understood line or direction, especially the horizontal: a shallow roof. • (of breathing ) taking in little air. 2 not exhibiting, requiring, or capable of serious thought: a shallow analysis of contemporary society. ▶noun (shallows ) an area of the sea, a lake, or a river where the water is not very deep. ▶verb [ no obj. ] (of the sea, a lake, or a river ) become less deep over time or in a particular place: the boat ground to a halt where the water shallowed. DERIVATIVES shallowly adverb, shallowness noun ORIGIN late Middle English: obscurely related to shoal 2 .

American Oxford Thesaurus

shallow

shallow adjective a shallow analysis of contemporary society: superficial, facile, simplistic, oversimplified; flimsy, insubstantial, lightweight, empty, trivial, trifling; surface, skin-deep, two-dimensional; frivolous, foolish, silly, Mickey Mouse. ANTONYMS profound.

Oxford Thesaurus

shallow

shallow adjective a shallow analysis of contemporary society: superficial, facile, glib, simplistic, oversimplified, schematic, slight, flimsy, insubstantial, lightweight, empty, trivial, trifling; surface, skin-deep; frivolous, foolish, silly, unintelligent, unthinking, unscholarly, ignorant. ANTONYMS profound, serious; in-depth.

Sanseido Wisdom Dictionary

shall

shall /ʃ (ə )l , ｟子音の前で｠ʃə, ʃ , ｟強｠ʃæl /〖語源は「義務がある」; 〗→could 語源助動詞二人称単数｟古｠shalt ; 過去should /ʃʊd / (!(1 )短縮形は 'll. (2 )否定形はshall notのほかに短縮形shan 't /ʃænt |ʃɑːnt /もあるが｟英やや古｠, ｟米｠では｟まれ｠. (3 )過去形shouldの用法は →should ) 類義 shallとwill 1 未来を表す shall は現在ではIとweと共に使われるのみで, その場合もかたく古風な印象を与える (↓2 ). 特に｟米｠ではshallはほとんど使われなくなっており, will を用いるのが普通. ｟英話｠でもwillが好まれる. また｟米｠｟英｠共に｟くだけて｠では短縮形の 'llが用いられる .2 提案や申し出をする時に, ｟米かたく｠や｟英｠では現在でもshallがIまたはweと共に用いられる (↓1 a ).【聞き手の意志】1 ｟話｠〖疑問文で〗a. 〖提案申し出助言〗〖Shall we do …?〗(提案して )…しましょうか ; 〖Shall I do …?〗(申し出て )…し (てあげ )ましょうか ; (助言を求めて )…したらよいでしょうか (!(1 )｟コーパス｠Shall I …?は特に, Shall we …?はやや｟英｠で好まれ, いずれも｟米｠では｟かたく｠響く; ↓コミュニケーション注記 . (2 )willにこの用法はない ) ▸ Where shall we go tonight? 今夜はどこに行きましょうか (!｟米話｠ではWhere should we go tonight? の方が普通 ) ▸ “Shall we say two o'clock tomorrow afternoon? ” “Fine. ”「明日の午後2時ではどうでしょうか」「結構です」 (!予定の打ち合わせで ) ▸ Let's try again, shall we ?もう一度やってみましょう (!Let's … の付加疑問文として ) ▸ What shall I do? どうしたらよいのだろう (!途方に暮れて; ╳What will I do? としない ) コミュニケーション A: Shall I peel the potatoes? ジャガイモの皮をむいてあげましょうか .B: Yes, please. [No, thank you. ] ええ, お願いします [いいえ, 結構です ].❢(1 )｟米話｠ではDo you want [｟丁寧に｠Would you like ] me to peel …?が好まれる. (2 )返答を ╳Yes, you shall. や ╳No, you shall not. としない. 次例参照 .X: Shall we have some coffee? コーヒーでも飲みましょうか .Y:Yes, let's. [No, let's not ]. ええ, そうしましょう [いいえ, やめておきましょう ].❢｟コーパス｠｟米話｠では｟かたく｠を除いて Would you like [Do you want , How about ] some coffee? (Would you like …?は｟丁寧｠), Let's have some coffee. などの方が好まれる .A: Shall we? (想定される次の行動に移ることを提案して )そろそろ行きましょうか [どうですか ].B: Sure . いいですね .❢具体的にはレストランで食事の終了後に店を出ることを提案するなど; この用法は英米ともに｟話｠でよく用いる .語法 Shall we …?とShould we …?提案申し出などを表す決まり文句ではshallが用いられshouldを用いると意味が変わってしまう ▸ Shall we dance? 踊りましょうか (!誘い ) ▸ Should we dance? 踊るべきでしょうか (!疑問 ) b. ｟今はまれ｠〖二人称主語で〗…するつもりですか ; 都合 [予定 ]は … でしょうか (!現在はwillが普通 ) ▸ Shall you be back by the evening? 夕方までに戻ってきますか ▸ When shall you leave? いつ出発しますか .c. ｟今はまれ｠〖三人称主語で〗(人に )…させましょうか (!相手の意向を尋ねる ) ▸ Shall Tom go there for you? トムにあなたの代わりにそこに行かせましょうか (≒Do you want [Would you like ] Tom to go there for you? ) (!現在は後者の方が普通 ) ▸ What shall she do? 彼女に何をさせるおつもりですか .【単純未来】2 ｟主に英やや古｠〖通例平叙文で; 一人称主語で〗a. 〖未来〗…するでしょう , …するだろう ; …することになっている (｟米｠will ) (!時制の一致については →would 1 語法 ) ▸ This time tomorrow, I shall be home .明日の今ごろには家にいるだろう (!↓3 の意では「明日の今ごろは家にいるよ」と話し手の意志を示す ) ▸ I don't think we shall be bottom this time .今度は私たちが最下位になるとは思わない ▸ Well, we shall see .｟かたい話｠まあ, そのうちわかるだろう (!実際にわからない時や確定的な言い方を避けたい時に ) ▸ We shall return to this question later .｟かたい書｠この問題については後で再び取り上げる (!論文などで用いられる表現 ) ▸ I shall be leaving today .今日出発することになっています (!決められた予定を表す ) ▸ Shall we be back in time? 時間に間に合うように戻れるでしょうか (↓語法 ).b. 〖未来完了; ～ have done 〗…して (しまって )いるでしょう ▸ I shall have finished the task by tomorrow .明日までにはその仕事を終えることができるでしょう .語法疑問文のshall Shall we [I ] …?は通例聞き手の意志を尋ねる意味で受け取られるので (↑1 ), 単純未来では意味を明確にするためbe going to や進行形を用いることが多い ▸ Am I going to attend the meeting? 私が会議に出席することになっていますか ▸ Shall I attend the meeting? 私が会議に出席しましょうか .【話し手の意志】3 ｟かたく /やや古｠〖平叙文で; 一人称主語で〗a. 〖強い決意〗必ず …する (!強勢が置かれ, willよりも強意的で, 時として厳粛さを加える ) ▸ We shall certainly win the game on Saturday .土曜日の試合には絶対勝つぞ ▸ I shall not [｟英｠shan't ] change my mind .決心は変えないつもりだ (!この場合強勢は否定語に置かれる; I never shall … とすると否定がさらに強調される ) .b. ｟主に英｠〖弱い意志〗…するつもりだ , …だろう (!弱い意志を表す; 強勢は置かれない ) ▸ I shall look forward to hearing from you .｟丁寧に｠お便りをお待ちしております ▸ We shall [｟米｠ will ] discuss this subject in chapter 4 .｟英書｠このテーマは4章で論じるつもりである ▸ I shan't be long .長くはかからないつもりです .4 ｟かたく /やや古｠〖平叙文で; 二人称三人称主語で〗a. 〖命令指図〗…しなければならない ; …するものとする , …すべし (must ) (!強勢が置かれ, 命令指図を表す; 威圧的な態度を示すため, 子供や目下の者以外への使用は避けられる; 規則を定めた公的文書や契約書などでよく用いられる; mustも時に用いられるがshouldは用いない ) ▸ You shall stay here until I say you can go .行ってよいと言うまでここにいなさい ▸ Violators shall be subject to the following penalties .違反者には次の罰則を科するものとする ▸ Thou shalt [You shall ] not steal .｟引用｠なんじ盗みをするなかれ〘聖書より〙 (!shall notは禁止を表す ) b. 〖約束〗…してよい ; (人に )…させよう , …してやろう (!強勢は置かれない ) ▸ If you are a good boy, you shall have a cake .いい子にしていたらケーキをあげるよ (≒…, I will give you a cake. )▸ They shall be dismissed .彼らは首だ (≒I will dismiss them. )▸ There shall be no more death .これ以上の死者がでないようにしよう .5 ｟古文｠〖予言〗…することとなろう , であるだろう (!話し手が意志を神などに託し, 予言を表す ) ▸ Blessed are the meek, for they shall inherit the earth .｟引用｠柔和な人たちは幸いである . 彼らは地を受け継ぐであろうから〘聖書より〙.

shallot

shal lot /ʃəlɑ́t |-lɔ́t /名詞 C 〘植〙エシャロット〘ワケギに似た香味野菜; 日本の「エシャロット」の多くはラッキョウ〙.

shallow

shal low /ʃǽloʊ /〖語源は「浅瀬 (shoal 1 )」〗形容詞～er ; ～est 1 〈皿穴川などが〉浅い (↔deep )▸ a shallow dish 浅い皿 .2 ｟非難して｠〈人仕事考えが〉浅はかな , 薄っぺらな ▸ a shallow argument 奥行きのない議論 .3 〈呼吸が〉浅い (↔deep ).名詞〖～s 〗浅瀬 .動詞自動詞浅くなる .～ly 副詞～ness 名詞