English-Thai Dictionary

and

CONJ จากนั้น  แล้วก็  then following this jak-nan

 

and

CONJ ดังนั้น  as a consequence as a result dang-nan

 

and

CONJ รวม กับ  รวม  plus ruam-kab

 

and

CONJ และ  ยิ่งไปกว่านั้น  มาก ไป กว่านั้น  also moreover lae

 

Webster's 1828 Dictionary

AND

conj. And is a conjunction, connective or conjoining word. It signifies that a word or part of a sentence is to be added to what precedes. Thus, give me an apple and an orange; that is, give me an apple, add or give in addition to that, an orange. John and Peter and James rode to New York, that is, John rode to New York; add or further, Peter rode to New York; add James rode to New York.

 

Webster's 1913 Dictionary

AND

And, conj. Etym: [AS. and; akin to OS. endi, Icel. enda, OHG. anti, enti, inti, unti, G. und, D. en, OD. ende. Cf, An if, Ante-. ]

 

1. A particle which expresses the relation of connection or addition. It is used to conjoin a word with a word, a clause with a clause, or a sentence with a sentence.

 

Note: (a ) It is sometimes used emphatically; as, "there are women and women, " that is, two very different sorts of women. (b ) By a rhetorical figure, notions, one of which is modificatory of the other, are connected by and; as, "the tediousness and process of my travel, " that is, the tedious process, etc. ; "thy fair and outward character, " that is, thy outwardly fair character, Schmidt's Shak. Lex.

 

2. In order to; -- used instead of the infinitival to, especially after try, come, go. At least to try and teach the erring soul. Milton.

 

3. It is sometimes, in old songs, a mere expletive. When that I was and a little tiny boy. Shak.

 

4. If; though. See An, conj. [Obs. ] Chaucer. As they will set an house on fire, and it were but to roast their eggs. Bacon. And so forth, and others; and the rest; and similar things; and other things or ingredients. The abbreviation, etc. (et cetera ), or &c., is usually read and so forth.

 

New American Oxford Dictionary

and

and |and ænd (ə )n (d )| ▶conjunction 1 used to connect words of the same part of speech, clauses, or sentences that are to be taken jointly: bread and butter | red and black tiles | they can read and write | a hundred and fifty. • used to connect two clauses when the second happens after the first: he turned around and walked out | she washed and dried her hair. • used to connect two clauses, the second of which results from the first: do that once more, and I'll skin you alive. • connecting two identical comparatives, to emphasize a progressive change: getting better and better | he felt more and more like an outsider. • connecting two identical words, implying great duration or great extent: I cried and cried | it takes hours and hours. • used to connect two identical words to indicate that things of the same name or class have different qualities: all human conduct is determined or caused —but there are causes and causes. • used to connect two numbers to indicate that they are being added together: six and four make ten. • archaic used to connect two numbers, implying succession: a line of men marching two and two. 2 used to introduce an additional comment or interjection: if it came to a choice —and this was the worst thing —she would turn her back on her parents | they believe they are descended from him, and quite right, too. • used to introduce a question in connection with what someone else has just said: “I found the letter in her bag. ” “And did you steam it open? ” • (esp. in broadcasting ) used to introduce a statement about a new topic: and now to the dessert. 3 informal used after some verbs and before another verb to indicate intention, instead of “to ”: I would try and do what he said | come and see me. ▶noun (usu. AND ) Logic & Electronics a Boolean operator that gives the value one if and only if all the operands are one, and otherwise has a value of zero. • (also AND gate ) a circuit that produces an output signal only when signals are received simultaneously through all input connections. PHRASES and /or either or both of two stated possibilities: audio and /or video components. ORIGIN Old English and, ond, of Germanic origin; related to Dutch en and German und . usage: 1 It is still widely taught and believed that conjunctions such as and (and also but and because ) should not be used to start a sentence, the argument being that a sentence starting with and expresses an incomplete thought and is therefore incorrect. Writers down the centuries have readily ignored this advice, however, using and to start a sentence, typically for rhetorical effect: What are the government's chances of winning in court? And what are the consequences? 2 A small number of verbs —notably try, come, and go —can be followed by ‘and ’ with another verb, as in sentences like we're going to try and explain it to them or why don't you come and see the film? Such structures in these verbs correspond to the use of the infinitive ‘to, ’ as in we're going to try to explain it to them or why don't you come to see the film? Since these structures are grammatically odd and, though extremely common, are mainly restricted to informal English, they are regarded as wrong by some and should be avoided in formal standard English. 3 On whether it is more correct to say both the boys and the girls or both the boys and girls, see usage at both. 4 Where a number of items are separated by and, the following verb needs to be in the plural: see usage at or 1 .

 

Oxford Dictionary

AND

AND ▶abbreviation Andorra (international vehicle registration ).

 

and

and |ənd, (ə )n, and | ▶conjunction 1 used to connect words of the same part of speech, clauses, or sentences, that are to be taken jointly: bread and butter | they can read and write | a hundred and fifty. • used to connect two clauses when the second refers to something that happens after the first: he turned round and walked out. • used to connect two clauses, the second of which refers to something that results from the first: there was a flash flood and by the next morning the town was under water. • connecting two identical comparatives, to emphasize a progressive change: getting better and better. • connecting two identical words, implying great duration or great extent: I cried and cried. • used to connect two identical words to indicate that things of the same name or class have different qualities: all human conduct is determined or caused —but there are causes and causes. • used to connect two numbers to indicate that they are being added together: six and four makes ten. • archaic used to connect two numbers, implying succession: a line of men marching two and two. 2 used to introduce an additional comment or interjection: if it came to a choice —and this was the worst thing —she would turn her back on her parents. • used to introduce a question in connection with what someone else has just said: ‘I found the letter in her bag. ’ ‘And did you steam it open? ’. • used to introduce a statement about a new topic: and now to the dessert. 3 informal used after some verbs and before another verb to indicate intention, instead of ‘to ’: I would try and do what he said. ▶noun ( AND ) Electronics a Boolean operator which gives the value one if and only if all the operands are one, and otherwise has a value of zero. • (also AND gate ) a circuit which produces an output signal only when signals are received simultaneously through all input connections. PHRASES and /or either or both of two stated possibilities: audio and /or video components. ORIGIN Old English and, ond, of Germanic origin; related to Dutch en and German und . usage: 1 It is still widely taught and believed that conjunctions such as and (and also but and because ) should not be used to start a sentence, the argument being that a sentence starting with and expresses an incomplete thought and is therefore incorrect. Writers down the centuries have readily ignored this advice, however, using and to start a sentence, typically for rhetorical effect, as in the following example: What are the government's chances of winning in court? And what are the consequences? 2 A small number of verbs, notably try, come, and go can be followed by and with another verb, as in sentences like we're going to try and explain it to them or why don't you come and see the film? The structures in these verbs correspond to the use of the infinitive to, as in we're going to try to explain it to them or why don't you come to see the film? Since these structures are grammatically odd —for example, the use is normally only idiomatic with the infinitive of the verb and not with other forms (i.e. it is not possible to say I tried and explained it to them )—they are regarded as wrong by some traditionalists. However, these uses are extremely common and can certainly be regarded as part of standard English. 3 For information about whether it is more correct to say both the boys and the girls or both the boys and girls, see usage at both 4 Where items in a list are separated by and, the following verb needs to be in the plural: see usage at or 1 .

 

American Oxford Thesaurus

and

and conjunction coffee and a scone: together with, along with, with, as well as, in addition to, also; besides, furthermore; informal plus. USAGE and It is rank superstition that this coordinating conjunction cannot properly begin a sentence: • “Another stumbling-block to a certain type of academic mind is the conjunction and. It is often laid down as a rigid rule that a sentence should never begin with and. This was a point on which my own schoolmaster was inflexible. And quite recently a training college student whom I asked to comment on a passage from Malory condemned him for using ‘the objectionable conjunction and ’. And printers have an ugly trick of emasculating my meaning by turning my periods into commas because they happen to be followed by and. Taking down my Bible and opening it at random, I find that the eighth chapter of Exodus contains thirty-two sentences, twenty-five of which begin with and ”. (Philip Boswood Ballard, Teaching and Testing English; 1939.) • “Many years ago schoolteachers insisted that it was improper to begin a sentence with and, but this convention is now outmoded. Innumerable respected writers use and at the beginning of a sentence. ” (William Morris and Mary Morris, Harper Dictionary of Contemporary Usage, 2d ed. ; 1985.) • “And the idea that and must not begin a sentence, or even a paragraph, is an empty superstition. The same goes for but. Indeed either word can give unimprovably early warning of the sort of thing that is to follow. ” (Kingsley Amis, The King's English; 1997.) Schoolteachers may have laid down a prohibition against the initial and to counteract elementary-school students ’ tendency to begin every sentence with and. The same superstition has plagued but (see note at but ) But the very best writers find occasion to begin sentences with and —e.g.: “And one had better make use of whatever beauty, elegance, riches the translator's language possesses, and hope that something emotionally, intellectually, aesthetically equivalent will emerge. ” (John Simon, The Sheep from the Goats; 1989.) Oddly, and is frequently misused for or where a singular noun, or one of two nouns, is called for —e.g.: “While third-party candidates have mounted serious challenges for senator and governor in almost two dozen states this year, building an effective third-party apparatus is rare. ” ( New York Times; Oct. 5, 1994.) The phrase should be “senator or governor ”; as written, the sentence says that in each of almost 24 states, third-party candidates were running for both senator and governor —an idea belied by the context of the article. Some writers have a tendency, especially in long enumerations, to omit and before the final element. To do so is often infelicitous: the reader is jarred by the abrupt period ending the sentence and may even wonder whether something has been omitted. One may occasionally omit and before the final element in an enumeration with a particular nuance in mind. Without and, the implication is that the series is incomplete —rhetoricians call this construction “asyndeton. ” With and, the implication is that the series is complete. This shade in meaning is increasingly subtle in modern prose. Usage notes show additional guidance on finer points of English usage.

 

Oxford Thesaurus

and

and conjunction together with, along with, with, as well as, in addition to, including, also, too; besides, furthermore, moreover; informal plus, what's more.

 

Sanseido Dictionary

AND

AND 〖 Principality of Andorra 〗アンドラ 。IOC の国 地域コードの一 。

 

Sanseido Wisdom Dictionary

and

and /(ə )nd, (ə )n , ｟強 ｠ænd / (!｟記号 ｠& ; →ampersand ) 接続詞 1 〖語 句 節 文を対等に結んで 〗a. …と …, …や …, …および …; そして …, (それに )また … (!文法的に同等の語 句 節を結ぶ ) ▸ Jill studies Japanese and Chinese .ジルは日本語と中国語を勉強している ▸ Bill is gentle and funny .ビルは優しくて, おもしろい人だ ▸ Mark and Lizzy wrote this book .マークとリジーがこの本を書いた (≒Mark wrote this book with Lizzy. /Lizzy wrote this book with Mark. )▸ a desk, (a ) chair and (a ) bed 机といすとベッド (!名詞 が3つ以上列挙される場合, 2つ目からの冠詞は省略 ) ▸ You, Sue and I あなたとスーと私 (!通例, 二人称, 三人称, 一人称の順に並べる ) ▸ The house is six years old and has a large kitchen .その家は築6年で, また広い台所がある ▸ quickly and with care 迅速かつ注意して (!with careは 副詞 と同等の機能を果たす ) ▸ When and where should I go? いつどこへ行けばいいのでしょうか ▸ They know who you are and what you can do .彼らは君がだれで何ができるかを知っている ▸ You said (that ) you understood and that you agreed with me .君は納得して私に賛成だと言った (!前の方のthatは省略可能だが後のthatは ｟くだけて ｠を除いて通例省略されない; 特に文が長くなって 動詞 から離れるとその傾向が強い ) ▸ learn to read and write 読み書きを学ぶ (!… write and readの語順は ｟まれ ｠) ▸ They seemed to have seen and heard [heard and seen ] all this before .彼らはこういったことは以前に見聞きしたことがあるようだった ▸ I want somebody to love and care for me .私に愛情を注いでくれる人が欲しい (!｟コーパス ｠強意のため類義語がandで結ばれることがある ) .b. 〖二者一体 〗…の付いた …, … 付きの … (!通例一体の単位と考えられる組み合わせでは単数扱い; またこれらの組み合わせではA and Bの順序も通例固定している場合が多い ) ▸ bread and butter /brédnbʌ́tə r /バターを塗ったパン (!bread and butter /bréd -ən (d )-bʌ́tə r /では 「パンとバター 」の意味となり, 複数扱い ) ▸ ham and eggs ハムエッグ (!｟米 ｠ではセットの飲食物の2つ目を省略することがある: ham and / hæ̀mǽnd /ハムエッグ ) ▸ coffee and / kɔ̀ːfiǽnd /コーヒー (とドーナツなど )のセット .語法 1 省略形 ｟書 ｠では次のような省略形が用いられることがある ▸ bed 'n breakfast ＝bed and breakfast ▸ rock' n 'roll ＝rock and roll ▸ questions & answers ＝questions and answers (→ampersand ).2 and による列挙 3つ以上の語句を列挙する時は, 通例A, B (, ) and C (!↑1 a 第4例 ) とする. ただし強調のため A and B and Cとなることもある. andを用いずA, B, Cとするのは ｟文 ｠.3 and と省略 andの前後で重複部分がしばしば省略される. a. 冠詞 所有 [指示 ]代名詞 (i )2つの 名詞 が緊密な関係をもつ場合, 2つ目の 名詞 には通例冠詞, 所有 [指示 ]代名詞は付かない ▸ a knife and fork ナイフとフォーク ▸ a hat and coat 帽子とコート (!自然な組み合わせでないものはaが必要: I forgot to take a raincoat and a camera [╳and camera ]. レインコートとカメラを持っていくのを忘れた ) ▸ my pen and pencil 私のペンと鉛筆 (ii )day and night, father and son, husband and wife, light and dark, young and old, pen and inkなどの句は慣用的に通例無冠詞で用いられる. b. 形容詞 (i )同じ 形容詞 を伴う 名詞 が結ばれる時後者の 形容詞 は通例省略される ▸ new cars and (new ) trucks 新しい車とトラック .(ii ) 複数の 形容詞 が 名詞 の前に置かれる時, 一般にandは用いない ▸ a tall (, ) handsome man 背の高いハンサムな男性 ▸ a cheap dark suit 安物の黒っぽいスーツ (!形容詞 が短い時, コンマは省略される ) .(iii )｟コーパス ｠類似した意味の 形容詞 を併記して好ましい [好ましくない ]ことを強める場合はandを用いる方が普通 ▸ a warm (and ) wonderful experience 心温まるすばらしい経験 .(iv )複数の 形容詞 が1つのものの異なる部分を表現する時はandを用いる ▸ a black and white cat (1匹の )白と黒の斑 （ぶち ）猫 (!a black and a white catは1匹の黒猫と1匹の白猫 ) .(v )名詞 の前の 形容詞 が2つで, それぞれの 形容詞 が同じグループ (たとえば色 分野など )に属す時はandを用いる ▸ social and cultural issues 社会 文化的問題 .(vi )｟コーパス ｠色の 形容詞 を繰り返し, その色を強調する時にはandは用いない ▸ a red, red rose 真っ赤なバラ .(vii ) 対照を成す語句を結ぶ時はandではなくbutを用いる ▸ a small but [╳and ] comfortable room 狭いが居心地のいい部屋 .c. 動詞 (i )動詞 が重複する場合, 一方が省略されることがある ▸ I can (win ) and will win .私は勝つことができるし勝ってみせる ▸ I saw John, and he (saw ) me .私がジョンを見ると彼は私を見た (!動詞 が 前置詞 を伴う場合は 前置詞 を省略しない: I looked at John, and he (looked ) at me [╳he me ].) .(ii ) 並列されたto不定詞では2番目以降のtoがしばしば省略される ▸ I'd like to lie down and (to ) relax .横になってくつろぎたい .(iii ) 異なる単位を含む度量衡表現ではandは通例省略される ▸ three hours (and ) ten minutes 3時間10分 ▸ five meters (and ) forty centimeters 5メートル40センチ .d. 省略と文体 動詞 や目的語が重複する場合, 省略を含む構文が ｟かたく ｠響くことがある ▸ Carter planned and Lucy paid for the vacation .｟かたく ｠休暇はカーターが計画を立ててルーシーが費用を払った (≒｟よりくだけて ｠Carter planned the vacation and Lucy paid for it. )▸ Cater likes skating and Lucy judo .｟かたく ｠カーターはスケートが好きでルーシーは柔道が好きだ (≒｟よりくだけて ｠Carter likes skating and Lucy likes judo. )4 A and B と否定 a. not A and Bは基本的にnot A or not Bを表し, 必ずしもAとBが両立しないことを表す ▸ She isn't (both ) treasurer á nd secretary (↗).彼女は会計係と秘書を兼ねているというわけではない (!それらのうちのどちらかであることを暗示 ) .b. ｟コーパス ｠実際にはAとBが関連深い事項や連続した出来事を表すことが多く, その場合, orと同様にAとB両方を同時に否定する ▸ I'm not dead and buried yet .私は死んでもいないしまだ埋葬もされていない ▸ He'd never look back and wave again .彼は振り向いて再び手を振ろうとしなかった .c. 明確に 「AでもBでもない 」のようにAとBを同時に否定する場合はandではなくorを用いる ▸ John doesn't smoke or drink .ジョンはタバコも酒もやらない (≒John doesn't smoke and doesn't drink. /｟ややかたく ｠John neither smokes nor drinks.)d. 否定の及ぶ範囲がAだけのこともある ▸ His accent is not South African and very hard to follow .彼のなまりは南アフリカのものではなく非常にわかりづらい .5 and の後の強勢と音調 通常と異なる強勢と音調によって前の節との対照を強調することがある ▸ I smiled at the boss and she gr é eted me (↘).私が部長にほほえむと彼女はあいさつしてきた (!笑顔に対して実際に声をかけて応えてくれたことに重点がある ) ▸ I smiled at the boss and sh é () greeted m é (↘).私が部長にほほえむと彼女もあいさつしてくれた (!あいさつの仕方にはこだわらず彼女が私のあいさつに応えてくれたことに重点がある ) 6 and をめぐる句読法と暗示 以下のような違いに注意 ▸ I saw Ally and Billy .(夫婦 [恋人同士 ]としていつも一緒にいる )アリーとビリーに会った ▸ I saw Ally, and Billy .(列挙して )アリーとビリーに会った ▸ I saw Ally ―and Billy! (印象的に )アリー, そして何とビリーにも会った ▸ I saw Ally. And Billy .(思い出して補足して )アリーに会った, そして (そう言えば )ビリーにも会った .2 〖数詞を結んで 〗…足す …, … に加えて (plus ); … と …▸ 8 and 2 make (s ) 10 .8足す2は10 (≒｟かたく ｠Eight plus two equals [is ] ten. )▸ What's 77 and 23?77足す23は?▸ five dollars and fifty cents 5ドル50セント (!｟話 ｠ではfive -fiftyともいう ) ▸ two and a half 2 1 /2 ▸ a pound and three quarters 1 3 /4 ポンド (!複雑な分数にはoverを用いる: 212 /506 ＝two hundred and twelve over five hundred and six ) .表現 数字の読み方とand 1 百の位と十の位の間にはandを入れる. ｟米 ｠ではしばしば省略されるが, 百の位が0の時はandを入れる ▸ 2,245 ＝two thousand , two hundred (and ) forty-five ▸ 1,019 ＝one thousand and nineteen 2 年号, 電話番号, 部屋番号, 番地ではandを用いないこともある ▸ 1971 ＝nineteen seventy-one (年号 )▸ 1103 ＝one one O / oʊ / three (電話番号 )▸ Room 203 ＝two O / oʊ / three 203号室 (部屋番号 )▸ 351 ＝three fifty-one (番地 ).3 〖文 動詞句を結んで 〗a. 〖同時 〗そして (その時 )▸ John was cooking in the kitchen and I was watching TV .ジョンは台所で調理をして, そして私はテレビを見ていた (≒While John was cooking in the kitchen, I was watching TV. )▸ All my friends knew and loved Ally .私の友人はみなアリーのことを知っていて気に入っている ▸ those who live and work abroad 海外に住んで仕事をしている人たち .b. 〖連続する行為 出来事 〗そして , それから, すると (and then )▸ Billy turned and looked at me .ビリーは振り返って私を見た (→have 助動詞 2a 語法 (3 ))▸ smile and say yes [nod, wave ]にっこりしてはいと言う [うなずく, 手を振る ]c. 〖原因 結果 〗それで , そのため , そうすると ▸ She had a bad cold and lost a lot of weight .彼女はひどいかぜをひき, ずいぶん体重を落とした ▸ He told her the truth and she wept .彼は彼女に真実を話した, すると彼女は涙を流した d. 〖類似例 〗同様に ▸ Knowing is painful and not knowing is painful .知っていることが苦痛であるのと同様に知らないことも苦痛である コーパスの窓 文頭のand 従来andで文を始めることは慎むべきとされてきたが, 最近ではそのような規則は根拠がないとする意見もある. しかしandで文を始めているのは ｟書 ｠で5 ％程度, ｟話 ｠では若干 ｟米 ｠の方が多いものの10 ％程度に過ぎない. andは基本的に既出の内容に単に情報を追加するだけなので, ｟話 ｠で即興的に思いつきを語る場合に好まれる. ｟書 ｠では 接続詞 を伴わずに個々の文をそのまま列挙する形式が力強く響き多用されるが, 後に続く文との緊密な関係を示したい場合はセミコロン (;)を用いたり, ｟かたく ｠で追加を強意的に示す必要がある場合はmoreover, additionally, in addition, further, furthermoreなどを添えることが多い ▸ Some of us still support the President; others think he should resign .我々の一部にはまだ大統領を支持する人もいるが, 彼は辞任すべきだと考える人々もいる .語法 andで結ぶ節 文 1 節が短い場合 新たな文を始めるのではなく, 文をandで結んで1つの文にする方が普通 ▸ John looked guilty, and Mary (looked ) innocent .2 文の種類 違う種類の文をandで結ぶと不自然に響く ▸ The rain has stopped (and ) so [╳and ] let's take a walk .雨がやんだので散歩に行こう (!平叙文と命令文の組み合わせとなりand単独では不自然; 同じ等位接続詞のbutではandほど制限は強くないので可能: The rain hasn't stopped but let's take a walk. 雨はやんでいないが散歩に行こう ) 4 〖動詞 ＋～＋動詞 〗a. ｟くだけた話 ｠(後の 動詞 が目的であることを示して )…(する )ように …, …しに … (!(1 )前の 動詞 にはcome, go, try, learn, be sure, stop, wait, run, hurry upなどがくる. (2 )and ＋動詞 は不定詞に相当 ) ▸ Come and see us .遊びにいらっしゃい (≒Come to see us. )▸ Try and learn a name a day .1日1つ名前を覚えてごらん (≒Try to learn …)▸ Be sure and write to us .必ず私たちに手紙を書いてね (≒ Be sure to write …)語法 ①try, learn, be sureなどは命令形 原形でandと用いるが, come, goなどは変化形で用いることもある ▸ If my father comes and sees you, ...もし父があなたに会いに来たら …②｟米話 ｠ではcome, goの後のandはしばしば省略される ▸ Come see my movie! 私の映画を見に来てください b. ｟話 ｠…しながら (!(1 )前の 動詞 にはsit, lieなど一定期間続くことを表す 動詞 やwalkがくる. (2 )and ＋動詞 は 現在分詞 に相当 ) ▸ He sat and watched TV .彼はテレビを見ながら座っていた (≒He sat watching TV. )5 /ænd /｟話 ｠〖文頭で 〗a. 〖話を続けて 〗それと , そしてまた, それから ; それどころかさらに ▸ “How are you? ” “Fine. And you? ” “Not too bad. ”「元気ですか 」「元気です, あなたは?」「まあまあです 」▸ “Will you go? ” “And I'll take you with me. ”「行くんですか 」「その上君も連れて行くよ 」▸ “Well, I was driving very carefully. ” “Uh huh. Go on! ” “And , as I was about to cross the intersection, the light suddenly turned yellow. ”「あの, 私はすごく注意して運転していたんです 」「うん, それで? 」「それで, 交差点を横切ろうとしたとき信号が突然黄色になったんです 」.b. 〖相手の話に質問を続けて 〗それで ▸ “I got my test results yesterday. ” “And how did you do? ”「昨日テストの成績をもらったよ 」「それでどうだったの 」▸ “He wouldn't understand me. ” “And do you think I do? ”「彼は私の言うことを理解しようとしなかったんです 」「それで, 私は理解すると思うのかい 」.c. 〖And? 〗それで ? (!相手に話を続けるよう促す ) ▸ “I'm sorry. ” “And? ” “And I won't do it again. ”「すみません 」「それで? 」「2度としません 」d. 〖文頭で; 意外 驚きを表す 〗それで, ほんとに ▸ And you walked here! それで, ここまで歩いたんですって ▸ And are you really going? で, ほんとに帰ってしまうんですか .e. 〖相手の発話を補完して 〗それに (…ということですね )▸ “We were discussing budget cuts.” “And the downsizing of the personnel department. ” “Right. ”「我々は予算の削減について議論していたんだ 」「それに人事部のリストラですね 」「まあね 」.f. 〖話を導入して 〗さて, では, じゃあ (!アナウンサーなどが話題を変えたり, 本題に入る時に用いる ) ▸ And next, Mariah Carey .さて, 次はマライア キャリーの登場です .6 /ænd /〖命令文などの後で 〗そうすれば (→or 4 )▸ Watch it closely and you'll see .細かく注意して見なさい, そうすればわかります ▸ Disagree with me again and you're fired! 再び私にさからうようなら, 君はクビだ (≒If you disagree with me again, you're …; →if 接続詞 1a 語法 (2 ) (d ))▸ One bite and you'll be hooked! ひとかみすれば釣り上げられるぞ ; おいしい話に引っかかるなよ ▸ Why don't you come up and you can help out on some of that .こちらに来ていただいたらその一部でも力をお貸しいただけるのですが 7 〖同じ語を結んで 〗a. 〖反復 連続 〗…も …も ; どんどん …; 次第に ;〖同じ 動詞 を結んで 〗…しに … する ; … し続ける ▸ I screamed again and again .私は何度も何度も悲鳴を上げた ▸ for months and months (and months )何か月も何か月も (!hours, days, weeks, yearsなども可; ╳for months, months and monthsとしない ) ▸ As time went on, they got angrier and angrier [more and more angry ] with this .時間が経つにつれて彼らはこのことにますます腹が立ってきた (!この用法では通常 -er型の比較級となる 形容詞 でも時にmore and more …を用いる ) ▸ I searched and searched but couldn't find it .探しに探したが, それを見つけることはできなかった b. 〖多様性 〗さまざまの …; … の上には上がいる ▸ There are books (↗) and books (↘).本にも (良い物から悪い物まで )いろいろある 8 /ænd /〖対照的な内容のものを結んで 〗が, しかし (but ); それなのに (and yet ); また一方 (while )▸ He promised to come and didn't .彼は来ると約束したのに来なかった ▸ Cereals are easy to digest and nuts are not .シリアルは消化しやすいがナッツはしにくい 9 /ænd /〖語句 文を挿入 追加して 〗(注釈を加えて )それに (加えて ), しかも, もっとも ▸ He, and he alone, is to blame .彼に, そして彼のみに責任がある (!and he aloneは挿入句なので 動詞 は最初のheに呼応することに注意 ) ▸ You doubt his capacity, and with reason .君は彼の力量を疑っているが, それはもっともだ 10 ｟くだけて ｠〖nice [good ] ～＋形容詞 副詞 〗…で …; 非常に … (!nice [good ] andが副詞的に後の 形容詞 副詞 の意味を強める; andの発音は非常に弱い ) ▸ The room is nice and / náɪs (ə )n / warm .部屋はとても (心地よく )暖かい (≒The room is pleasantly warm. )▸ I'm good and / ɡʊ́d (ə )n / tired .私はくたくたに疲れている (≒I'm very tired. ) (!nice [good ] and …の強調表現は 名詞 の前では用いない ) 名詞 C 追加事項 [項目 ]▸ There are no ifs, ands or buts about it .それには条件とか付け足しとか言い訳は一切ない