English-Thai Dictionary

as

ADV อย่าง เท่าๆ  กัน  อย่าง พอๆ  กัน  yang-thao-thao-kan

 

as

CONJ ขณะที่  while during the time that kha-na-ti

 

as

CONJ ดังที่  ตามที่  dang-ti

 

as

CONJ ทั้งๆ  ที่  thang-thang-ti

 

as

CONJ เท่ากัน กับ  เหมือนกัน  เช่นเดียวกัน  in the same way thao-kan-kab

 

as

CONJ เนื่องจาก  เพราะว่า  because since inasmuc as nueang-jak

 

as

PREP ใน ฐานะ  ใน ตำแหน่ง  ใน บทบาท  nai-tha-na

 

Webster's 1828 Dictionary

AS

adv. az. [Gr. But more probably the English word is contracted from als. ] 1. Literally, like; even; similar. "Ye shall be as Gods, knowing good and evil. " "As far as we can see, " that is, like far, equally far. Hence it may be explained by in like manner; as, do as you are commanded.
2. It was formerly used where we now use that. Obs.
The relations are so uncertain as they require a great deal of examination.
3. It was formerly used where we now use that. Obs.
He lies, as he his bliss did know.
4. While; during; at the same time. "He trembled as he spoke. " But in most of its uses, it is resolvable into like, equal, even, or equally, in like manner. In some phrases, it must be considered a nominative word, or other words must be supplied. "Appoint to office such men as deserve public confidence. " This phrase may be elliptical for "such men as those who deserve public confidence. "
As seems, in some cases, to imply the sense of proportion. "In general, men are more happy, as they are less involved in public concerns."
As, in a subsequent part of a sentence, answers to such; give us such things as you please; and in a preceding part of a sentence, has so to answer to it; as with the people, so with the priest.

 

AS

n.[L.] 1. A Roman weight of 12 ounces, answering to the libra or pound.
2. A Roman coin, originally of a pound weight; but reduced, after the first Punic war, to two ounces; in the second Punic war, to one ounce; and by the Papirian law, to half an ounce. It was originally stamped with the figure of a sheep, sow, or ox; and afterwards with a Janus, on one side, and on the reverse, a rostrum or prow of a ship.
3. An integer; a whole or single thing. Hence the English ace. Hence the Romans used the word for the whole inheritance; haeres ex asse, an heir to the whole estate.

 

Webster's 1913 Dictionary

AS

As, adv. & conj. Etym: [OE. as, als, alse, also, al swa, AS. eal swa, lit. all so; hence, quite so, quite as: cf. G. als as, than, also so, then. See Also. ]

 

1. Denoting equality or likeness in kind, degree, or manner; like; similar to; in the same manner with or in which; in accordance with; in proportion to; to the extent or degree in which or to which; equally; no less than; as, ye shall be as gods, knowing good and evil; you will reap as you sow; do as you are bidden. His spiritual attendants adjured him, as he loved his soul, to emancipate his brethren. Macaulay.

 

Note: As is often preceded by one of the antecedent or correlative words such, same, so, or as, in expressing an equality or comparison; as, give us such things as you please, and so long as you please, or as long as you please; he is not so brave as Cato; she is as amiable as she is handsome; come as quickly as possible. "Bees appear fortunately to prefer the same colors as we do. " Lubbock. As, in a preceding part of a sentence, has such or so to answer correlatively to it; as with the people, so with the priest.

 

2. In the idea, character, or condition of, -- limiting the view to certain attributes or relations; as, virtue considered as virtue; this actor will appear as Hamlet. The beggar is greater as a man, than is the man merely as a king. Dewey.

 

3. While; during or at the same time that; when; as, he trembled as he spoke. As I return I will fetch off these justices. Shak.

 

4. Because; since; it being the case that. As the population of Scotland had been generally trained to arms. .. they were not indifferently prepared. Sir W. Scott. [See Synonym under Because. ]

 

5. Expressing concession. (Often approaching though in meaning ). We wish, however, to avail ourselves of the interest, transient as it may be, which this work has excited. Macaulay.

 

6. That, introducing or expressing a result or consequence, after the correlatives so and such. [Obs. ] I can place thee in such abject state, as help shall never find thee. Rowe.So as, so that. [Obs. ] The relations are so uncertain as they require a great deal of examination. Bacon.

 

7. As if; as though. [Obs. or Poetic ] He lies, as he his bliss did know. Waller.

 

8. For instance; by way of example; thus; -- used to introduce illustrative phrases, sentences, or citations.

 

9. Than. [Obs. & R.] The king was not more forward to bestow favors on them as they free to deal affronts to others their superiors. Fuller.

 

1 . Expressing a wish. [Obs. ] "As have, " i. e., may he have. Chaucer. As. .. as. See So. .. as, under So. -- As far as, to the extent or degree. "As far as can be ascertained. " Macaulay. -- As far forth as, as far as. [Obs. ] Chaucer. -- As for, or As to, in regard to; with respect to. -- As good as, not less than; not falling short of. -- As good as one's word, faithful to a promise. -- As if, or As though, of the same kind, or in the same condition or manner, that it would be if. -- As it were (as if it were ), a qualifying phrase used to apologize for or to relieve some expression which might be regarded as inappropriate or incongruous; in a manner. -- As now, just now. [Obs. ] Chaucer. -- As swythe, as quickly as possible. [Obs. ] Chaucer. -- As well, also; too; besides. Addison. -- As well as, equally with, no less than. "I have understanding as well as you. " Job xii. 3. -- As yet, until now; up to or at the present time; still; now.

 

AS

As, n. Etym: [See Ace. ]

 

Defn: An ace. [Obs. ] Chaucer. Ambes-as, double aces.

 

AS

As, n.; pl. Asses. Etym: [L. as. See Ace. ]

 

1. A Roman weight, answering to the libra or pound, equal to nearly eleven ounces Troy weight. It was divided into twelve ounces.

 

2. A Roman copper coin, originally of a pound weight (12 oz. ); but reduced, after the first Punic war, to two ounces; in the second Punic war, to one ounce; and afterwards to half an ounce.

 

New American Oxford Dictionary

AS

AS ▶abbreviation • American Samoa. • Anglo-Saxon. • Asperger's syndrome. • Associate in Science.

 

As

As ▶symbol the chemical element arsenic.

 

as

as 1 |az æz əz | ▶adverb (usu. as —— as ) used in comparisons to refer to the extent or degree of something: hailstones as big as tennis balls | go as fast as you can | it tasted like grape juice but not as sweet. • used to emphasize an amount: as many as twenty-two rare species may be at risk. ▶conjunction 1 used to indicate that something happens during the time when something is taking place: Frank watched him as he ambled through the crowd | as she grew older, she kept more to herself. 2 used to indicate by comparison the way that something happens or is done: dress as you would if you were having guests | they can do as they wish | [ as adv. ] : she kissed him goodbye, as usual | as in the past, a collection is to be taken. • used to add or interject a comment relating to the statement of a fact: as you can see, I didn't go after all | he has, as you know, called for a referendum. 3 because; since: I must stop now as I have to go out. 4 even though: sweet as he is, he doesn't pay his bills | try as he might, he failed to pull it off. ▶preposition 1 used to refer to the function or character that someone or something has: he got a job as a cook | they were treated as foreigners | it came as a shock | as a dairy producer, you should evaluate and analyze your farm from many viewpoints. 2 during the time of being (the thing specified ): he had often been sick as a child | as a student, my nickname was Space. PHRASES as and when at the time when (used to refer to an uncertain future event ): they deal with an issue as and when it rears its head. as for with regard to: as for you, you'd better be quick. as if (or as though ) as would be the case if: she behaved as if he weren't there. as if! informal I very much doubt it: You know how lottery winners always say it won't change their lives? Yeah, as if! as ( it ) is in the existing circumstances: I've got enough on my plate as it is. as it were in a way (used to be less precise ): areas that have been, as it were, pushed aside. as long as see long 1. as much see much. as of used to indicate the time or date from which something starts: as of January 1, a free market will be created | I'm on unemployment as of today. as per see per. as such see such. as though see as if above. as to with respect to; concerning: decisions as to which patients receive treatment. as well see well 1. as yet [ usu. with negative ] until now or a particular time in the past: the damage is as yet undetermined. ORIGIN Middle English: reduced form of Old English alswā ‘similarly ’ (see also ). usage: 1 A small, seemingly innocent word, as is so frequently misused (or not used where needed ) that interested writers are advised to consult a full-length usage guide for counsel on its proper use. As is often used in causal senses in place of because or since ( As Julie wasn't hungry, she ordered only a cup of coffee ); in such constructions, where as may cause confusion, it is generally advisable to use the unambiguous because, or since. 2 On whether it is more correct to say he's not as shy as I rather than he's not as shy as me , or I live in the same street as she rather than I live in the same street as her , see usage at personal pronoun. 3 For a discussion of when to use as rather than like, see usage at like 1 .

 

as

as 2 |as æz əz | ▶noun ( pl. asses ) an ancient Roman copper coin. ORIGIN early 17th cent.: Latin, literally ‘a unit. ’

 

Oxford Dictionary

AS

AS ▶abbreviation Anglo-Saxon.

 

As

As ▶symbol the chemical element arsenic.

 

as

as 1 |az, əz | ▶adverb used in comparisons to refer to the extent or degree of something: go as fast as you can | it tasted like grape juice but not as sweet. • used to emphasize an amount: as many as twenty-two rare species may be at risk. ▶conjunction 1 used to indicate that something happens during the time when something else is taking place: Frank watched him as he ambled through the crowd | as she grew older, she kept more to herself. 2 used to indicate by comparison the way that something happens or is done: they can do as they wish | she kissed him goodbye, as usual . • used to add or interject a comment relating to the statement of a fact: as you can see, I didn't go after all. 3 because; since: I must stop now as I have to go out. 4 even though: sweet as he is, he doesn't pay his bills | try as he might, he failed to pull it off. ▶preposition 1 used to refer to the function or character that someone or something has: it came as a shock | she got a job as a cook. 2 during the time of being (the thing specified ): he had often been ill as a child. PHRASES as against compared or contrasted with: the adult literacy rate for women is 44.5 percent, as against 67.8 percent for men. as and when at the time when (used to refer to an uncertain future event ): they deal with an issue as and when it rears its head. as for with regard to: as for you, you'd better be quick. as from (or of ) chiefly Brit. used to indicate the time or date from which something starts: as from 1 January, a free market will be created | I'm on the dole as of now. as if (or though ) as would be the case if: she behaved as if he wasn't there. as if! informal I very much doubt it: You know how pools winners always say it won't change their lives? Yeah, as if! as ( it ) is in the existing circumstances: I've got enough on my plate as it is. as it were in a way (used to be less precise ): areas which have been, as it were, pushed aside. as long as see long 1. as much see much. as per see per. as such see such. as to with respect to; concerning: decisions as to which patients receive treatment. as was formerly: Guangzhou (Canton as was ) is 2000 km from Beijing. as well see well 1. as yet [ usu. with negative ] until now or a particular time in the past: the damage is as yet undetermined. as you do Brit. informal used as an ironic comment on a somewhat unexpected statement: on the way home I fell asleep in John's car, as you do . ORIGIN Middle English: reduced form of Old English alswā ‘similarly ’ (see also ). usage: For a discussion of whether it is correct to say he's not as shy as I rather than he's not as shy as me or I live in the same street as she rather than I live in the same street as her see usage at personal pronoun .

 

as

as 2 |as | ▶noun ( pl. asses ) an ancient Roman copper coin. ORIGIN Latin, ‘a unit ’.

 

American Oxford Thesaurus

as

as conjunction 1 she looked up as he entered the room: while, just as, even as, (just ) when, at the time that, at the moment that. 2 we all felt as Frank did: in the (same ) way that, the (same ) way; informal like. 3 do as you're told: what, that which. 4 they were free, as the case had not been proved: because, since, seeing that /as, in view of the fact that, owing to the fact that; informal on account of; literary for. 5 try as she did, she couldn't smile: though, although, even though, in spite of the fact that, despite the fact that, notwithstanding that, for all that, albeit, however. 6 relatively short distances, as Hartford to New Haven: such as, like, for instance, e.g., for example. 7 I'm away a lot, as you know: which, a fact which. ▶preposition 1 he was dressed as a policeman: like, in the guise of, so as to appear to be. 2 I'm speaking to you as your friend: in the role of, being, acting as. PHRASES as for /as to as for interior paint, I prefer a semigloss latex: concerning, with respect to, on the subject of, in the matter of, as regards, with regard to, regarding, with reference to, re, in re, apropos to, vis-à -vis. as it were the guests were chosen, as it were, by an almost random process: so to speak, in a manner of speaking, to some extent, so to say; informal sort of. as yet there is no sign of them as yet: so far, thus far, yet, still, up till now, up to now. USAGE as to First, it must be said that as to is an all-purpose preposition to be avoided whenever a more specific preposition will do. But as to isn't always indefensible. The phrase is most justifiable when introducing something previously mentioned only cursorily: “As to concerns the fair might lose on-track business if it offered its signal to the OTBs, [Dun said ]: ‘I figured we were going to lose the handle either way. ’ ( Portland Press Herald [ME ]; Sept. 7, 1997.) In beginning sentences this way, as to is equivalent to the more colloquial as for. In effect, the phrase is a passable shorthand form of regarding, with regard to, or on the question of. The phrase is also (minimally ) defensible when used for about, but that word is stylistically preferable in most contexts. As to smells of jargon —e.g.: “The bill carries no presumptions as to [read about ] the effect of incorporation. ” ( News & Observer [Raleigh ]; Mar. 17, 1997.) The main problem with as to is that it doesn't clearly establish syntactic or conceptual relationships, so it can hamper comprehensibility. In each of the following examples, another preposition would more directly and forcefully express the thought: • “There's no rule as to [read about ] how long you have to wait before you can enjoy your creation. ” ( Florida Times-Union; Aug. 14, 1997.) • “It is always possible that your neighbor is not aware of how disturbing his or her behavior is and that he or she can be more sensitive to your concerns, or you can agree as to [read on ] certain time parameters or (if music is the culprit ) what is an acceptable volume level. ” ( San Diego Union-Tribune; Aug. 24, 1997.) • “The same is true as to [read of ] other cases finding for leaders by applying the regulation. ” ( Bankruptcy Court Decisions; Mar. 24, 1994.) • “There is no change in the prior IRA rules with regard to an individual's participation in other qualifying retirement plans. As such, the rules remain the same as to [read for ] the maximum amount of adjusted gross income a taxpayer can have before the IRA deduction begins to phase out. ” ( Gazette-Telegraph [Colorado Springs ]; Mar. 12, 1997.) • “Some people are a little surprised as to [read by or at ] how quickly Veniard has gotten to his present level. ” ( Florida Times-Union; June 28, 1997.) •“During a trip to the Mars Pathfinder Mission Control Center in Pasadena this summer, House Aeronautics and Space Subcommittee member Sheila Jackson-Lee, D-Texas, inquired as to [read into ] whether the Pathfinder Mission had taken pictures of the American flag planted by Neil Armstrong in 1969.” ( San Francisco Chronicle; Sept. 15, 1997.) (In this case, the better rewording of "inquired as to whether " would have been "asked whether. ").Usage notes show additional guidance on finer points of English usage.

 

Oxford Thesaurus

as

as conjunction 1 she caught a glimpse of him as he disappeared: while, just as, even as, at the (same ) time that, at the moment that, during the time that, just when; simultaneously. 2 there were some who felt as Frank did: in the (same ) way that, the (same ) way, in the (same ) manner that; informal like. 3 do as you're told: what; archaic that which. 4 the athletes were free to compete again, as the case against them had not been proved: because, since, seeing that, seeing as, considering that, on account of the fact that, in view of the fact that, owing to the fact that; informal on account of; literary for; archaic forasmuch. 5 try as she did, she couldn't laugh: although, though, even though /if, in spite of the fact that, despite the fact that, notwithstanding the fact that, notwithstanding that, for all that, while, whilst, albeit, however. 6 trains compete successfully with the airlines over short distances, as Paris to Lyons: such as, like, for instance, for example, e.g., to give an instance, to give an example, by way of illustration, as an illustration. 7 I'm away a lot, as you know: which, a fact which, something which. PHRASES as against 37 per cent said yes, as against 64 per cent in 1994: compared to /with, by contrast with, next to, against, beside. as for /as to as for composts, he recommends peat-free varieties: concerning, respecting, with respect to, on the subject of, as regards, regarding, with reference to, re, in /with regard to, apropos, in the matter of, in connection with; French vis-à -vis; Latin in re. as it were the street plan evolved, as it were, by natural selection: so to speak, in a manner of speaking, in a way, in some way or other, to some extent, so to say; informal sort of. as yet there is no sign of them as yet: so far, thus far, yet, still, even now, up till now, up to now, until now, up to the present time. ▶preposition 1 he was dressed as a policeman: in the guise of, with the appearance of, in the character of, so as to appear to be. 2 I'm speaking to you as your friend: in the role of, being, acting as, functioning as.

 

Duden Dictionary

as

as Substantiv, Neutrum , das |a s |Zeichen für as-Moll

 

as

as , As Substantiv, Neutrum Musik , das As |a s A s |das as; Genitiv: des as, Plural: die as um einen halben Ton erniedrigtes a, A 2

 

As

As Substantiv, Neutrum , das |A s |Zeichen für As-Dur

 

As

As Substantiv, maskulin , der |A s |der As; Genitiv: des Asses, Plural: die Asse lateinisch as = das Ganze als Einheit; als Münzeinheit eigentlich = viereckiges Metalltäfelchen (nach der alten Form der Münze )altrömische Münz - und Gewichtseinheit

 

As

As Abkürzung Arsen

 

As

As Abkürzung Amperesekunde

 

Ås

Ås Substantiv, maskulin oder Substantiv, Neutrum , der oder das |oːs |der Ås (auch: das ); Ås, Åsar schwedisch Os

 

aß

aß essen |a ß |

 

French Dictionary

As

A s symbole Symbole de arsenic.

 

as

as n. m. nom masculin 1 Un point seul marqué sur un des côtés d ’un dé. 2 Carte à jouer. : L ’as de cœur. 3 figuré Personne qui tient le premier rang dans sa spécialité. : C ’est un as du tennis. SYNONYME champion . LOCUTION Être ficelé comme l ’as de pique. Être mal habillé.

 

Spanish Dictionary

as

as nombre masculino 1 Naipe de la baraja en el que hay dibujada una sola figura; en la baraja española lleva el número uno y en la francesa lleva la letra A; en la mayoría de juegos es la carta de más valor de cada palo :el as de oros; el as de corazones .2 Cara del dado de póquer que tiene dibujado en el centro un solo punto de color rojo y que generalmente representa la máxima puntuación :lanzó los dados y sacó dos ases .3 Persona que sobresale mucho en una actividad o profesión que requieren destreza :Fangio fue un as del volante .SINÓNIMO campeón, crack, fuera de serie, número uno .4 Antigua moneda romana de bronce que equivalía a la décima parte del denario .as de guía Nudo marinero que tiene forma de anillo no corredizo en el extremo de un cabo y que sirve para sujetar .tener (o guardar ) un as en la manga Tener una cosa oculta para poder usarla en el momento más oportuno :no creas que el jefe ha explicado todos sus proyectos, siempre se guarda un as en la manga .

 

Sanseido Dictionary

AS

AS 〖 American Samoa 〗アメリカ領サモア 。ISO の国 地域コードの一 。

 

As

As 〖 arsenic 〗ヒ素の元素記号 。

 

Sanseido Wisdom Dictionary

AS

AS A.S.American Samoa ; Anglo-Saxon ; assistant secretary ; assistant surgeon .

 

As

As 〘化 〙arsenic (砒素 （ひそ ）); Asia ; Asiatic .

 

as

as /əz , ｟強 ｠æz /〖語源は 「alsoの弱形 」〗接続詞 1 〖同等比較 〗a. 〖as … as A (does )〗A (がするの )と同じくらい …▸ Ann is as old as I am [｟くだけて ｠as me, ｟かたく /やや古 ｠as I ].アンは私と同い年だ (≒Ann is the same age as me [as I am, as I ].; ↓代名詞 1 ) (!as節中の代名詞主語については →than 接続詞 1 a 語法 (2 ) ▸ It is as hot as (it was ) yesterday .今日は昨日と同じくらい暑い (!yesterdayから過去であることは明らかなので主節の 動詞 と時制は違うがit wasはしばしば省略される ) ▸ I love planning holidays almost as much as I love taking them .私は休暇の計画を立てるのが, 休暇を取るのとほとんど同じくらい好きだ (↓b 語法 (3 ))▸ I was as interested in writing as I was in performing .私は上演活動と同じくらい執筆活動に興味があった (!wasとinの間にinterestedが省略されている ) ▸ It's as simple as calling a toll-free number .(広告などで )あとは料金無料の番号に電話するだけ (!「…するのと同じくらい簡単である 」という同等比較の形をとって, as simple asに続く部分を強く勧める言い方 ) ▸ I opened the windows as wide as they would go .私は窓を開くだけ広く開けた 語法 ①as … as この語義ではほとんどの場合, 副詞 のasを前に伴ってas … asのような形で相関的に用いられる. …の位置には 形容詞 副詞 がきて強勢を受けるが, 前後のasは通例強勢を受けない .②as 節中の省略 文脈から明らかな場合, as節中の要素の一部または全部はしばしば省略される (↓表現 (2 )最終例 ).③as … as と修飾語 ↓b 語法 (3 ).④比較構文と前提 たとえばAnn is as old as Susan. (アンはスーザンと同い年だ )は年の程度の比較なので, 必ずしもAnnがoldであるということではなく, 赤ん坊にも使える. Ann is two years older than Susan. (アンはスーザンより2歳年上だ )も同様 .⑤as 節中の (代 )名詞のあいまいさ as節中の (代 )名詞が主格か目的格かによって意味に違いが生じることがある. I like her as much as you . はI like her as much as you like her. (私はあなたが彼女のことを好きなのと同じくらい彼女のことが好きだ; youは主語 )とI like her as much as I like you . (私はあなたのことと同じくらい彼女のことを好きだ; youは目的語 )の両方の解釈が可能だが, 前者の方が普通 .表現 ①as … as 型の比喩表現 ▸ as free as a bird 鳥のように自由で ▸ as cold as ice 氷のように冷たい ▸ as hot as hell ｟くだけて ｠地獄のように暑い ▸ as cool as a cucumber ｟くだけて ｠非常に落ち着いている ▸ as different as night and day 天と地ほど違う . こういった固定した比喩表現では最初のasが省略されることがある ▸ He's old as the hills .彼はかなりの年だ ②as … as 形容詞 /副詞 型の慣用表現 ▸ I'll be back as soon as possible .できるだけ早く戻ってきます ▸ We are getting along as well as any two people can .我々はどんな二人にも負けないくらいうまくやっています ▸ Sarah is as busy as ever .セラは相変わらず忙しい ▸ Repeat (as many times ) as necessary .必要なだけ繰り返しなさい (!as many timesはしばしば省略される ) b. 〖not as /so … as A (does )〗A (がする )ほど …ない (!｟コーパス ｠soを用いるのは ｟かたく /やや古 ｠で, 否定文で用いられる場合の1割程度 ) ▸ Bill can't swim as well as Meg (can ). ≒｟かたく ｠Bill cannot swim so well as Meg (can ).ビルはメグほど泳ぎがうまくない ▸ Jim isn't as young as he looks .ジムは見かけほど若くない (≒Jim looks younger than he (actually ) is . )▸ This job was not as [so ] easy as I thought (it would be ).この仕事は考えていたほど簡単ではなかった (≒This job was not such an easy one as I thought (it would be ). )▸ I can't run as quickly as I used to [as before ].私は以前ほど速く走ることができない 語法 ①強勢とニュアンスの違い soを用いる方がやや強意的. Mark is not as t á ll as John (↘). ではMarkとJohnの身長を直接比べて同じではないことを示しMarkが劣っていることを表すが, Mark is not s ó t á ll as John (↘). ではJohnを基準にしてMarkがそれほど高くないことを表す .②so と否定文 a. 肯定文では通例soは用いない (↑a ). 次のような構文と紛らわしいので注意 ▸ Turtles are so popular as pets .カメはペットとしてとても人気がある (↓前置詞 1 )▸ My voice was so calm as I answered .返事をしたとき私の声はとても落ち着いていた (↓接続詞 3a )b. not以外の否定語を含む文や, 否定的連想を伴う疑問文 条件文でも用いられる ▸ Is there anyone as [so ] wise as Jim? ジムほど賢明な者がいるだろうか (≒There is nobody as [so ] wise as Jim. )▸ I'll be happy as [so ] long as she is here .彼女がここにいる限り私は幸せだ (≒If she's not here, I won't be happy. )c. not so … asの構文では, not half so … asなどの慣用的な表現を除いて, notとsoの間にほかの語がおかれて離れると不自然に響く傾向が強くなる ▸ John does not cook as [｟やや不自然 ｠so ] well as Mark .ジョンはマークほど料理はうまくない このような場合でも, nearlyのような否定的連想を伴う 副詞 がsoの直前にある場合はその不自然さは弱まる ▸ John doesn't [does not ] cook nearly as [so ] well as Mark .ジョンはマークよりかなり料理が下手だ 一方, この構文のsoは ｟かたく ｠響くので, notが短縮されたくだけた調子の文体では不自然に響く傾向が強くなる ▸ Mark isn't as [｟やや不自然 ｠so ] tall as John .マークはジョンほど背は高くない ③｟コーパス ｠as [so ] … as と修飾語 as [so ] … asはalmost, quite, nearly, half, nothing [anything ] likeなどに修飾される. ただし, almostはsoと用いるのは 〘まれ 〙. just, exactly, every bit; twice, … timesなどはasとのみ用いる .④控えめ表現 not as [so ] … as構文は間接的に響き丁寧な感じがするので, lessを用いたり劣性を表す 形容詞 に-erを付けた比較構文より好まれる ▸ Anna is not as [so ] tall as John (is ).アナはジョンほど背は高くない (!Anna is shorter [｟やや不自然 ｠less tall ] than John. より好まれる ) c. 〖A as … as B (does )〗B (がするの )と同じくらい …なA (!as … as構文がAを後ろから修飾する; しばしばBはAとは異なる性質や種類の 名詞 で比喩的に用いられる; ↓e ) ▸ a stone as big as one's palm 手のひらくらいの大きさの石 ▸ paper as small as a business card 名刺ほどの小さな紙 ▸ I've never seen a woman as beautiful as she is .彼女ほどの美しい女性は見たことがない d. 〖twice /three times as … as A (does )〗Aの2倍 [3倍 ]…で (!「半分 」はhalf as … as; 「1.5倍 」はhalf again as … as, ｟主に英 ｠half as … again as ) ▸ He has twice as much money as you (have ) [as you do ].彼は君の倍のお金を持っている ▸ The earth is four times as large as the moon .地球は月の4倍の大きさだ ▸ Smokers are twice as likely as non-smokers to die of lung cancer .喫煙者は禁煙者の2倍の肺癌 （がん ）死亡率である ▸ She isn't half as [so ] pretty as her sister .彼女は美しさでは妹の半分にも及ばない (↑b 語法 (3 ))/Prices are forty percent higher in Tokyo than in New York . Some things are twice as expensive . 東京はニューヨークより40パーセント物価が高い . ものによっては倍高いものもある (!文脈から明らかなためas節が省略されている; ↓副詞 1 ) e. ｟かたく ｠〖as ＋形容詞 ＋ a (n ) A as B (does )〗B (がするの )と同じくらい …なA (↑c )▸ He is as good an actor as [╳as good actor as ] Tom .彼はトムと同じくらいいい俳優だ (≒He is an actor as good as Tom. )▸ It's as big a surprise to me as it is to you .それは君にとってと同じくらい私にとって大きな驚きである 語法 ①否定文では最初のasの代わりにsoが用いられることがあるが ｟比較的まれ ｠▸ He isn't as [so ] good an actor as Tom .彼はトムほどいい俳優ではない (≒He isn't such a good actor as Tom. )②この構文はBの 名詞 もAの 名詞 と同じ性質を持っていることを暗示するので, たとえば次のように男優 (actor )と女優 (actress )を比べるような場合, A as … as B (does )の構文 (↑c )を用いる ▸ Tom is an actor as good as [╳as good an actor as ] Meg .トムはメグと同じくらいいい俳優だ .f. 〖A is as … as B is …〗AはBが … であるのと同じくらい …だ (!前の …と後の …には異なる 形容詞 がくる ) ▸ She is as nice as she is beautiful .彼女は美しいと同時に親切だ (!She is as nice as beautiful. のようにas節の主語と 動詞 を省略するのは ｟まれ ｠) /I am as happy here as I was unhappy in that company . 私はあの会社にいたとき不幸だったと同じくらいここでは幸福だ 2 〖様態 〗 (!通例強勢を受けない ) . a. …(する )ように , …(するの )と同様に , …とおりに (｟くだけて ｠way 1 2c , like 2 3 )(→similarly 読解のポイント ) (!文脈から明らかな部分が慣用的に省略されることがある ) ▸ Everything's just as it was .すべて昔のままだ (↓成句 , as it is (1 ))▸ She was dressed in red as usual [as always , ╳as usually ]. (≒She was dressed in red as she usually was. )彼女はいつものように赤い服を着ていた (!as alwaysの方がas usualより高い頻度を表す ) ▸ The boy did as he was told .その男の子は言われたとおりにした ▸ They appeared at noon as they promised [as promised ].彼らは約束どおり正午に現れた (!as they promisedは人に, as promisedは事柄に主体がある ) 語法 しばしば前置詞句を従えて, 「…のような [に ]」の意を表す ▸ In science, as in life, simple questions rarely have simple answers .科学においては, 人生におけるのと同じように, 単純な疑問に単純な答えがあるなんてめったにない (↓成句 as in (A ))▸ As with other alcoholic drinks, red wine was once regarded as harmful to health .ほかのアルコール飲料と同様に, 赤ワインはかつて健康に有害だと考えられていた ▸ She woke suddenly, as from a nightmare .彼女は悪夢から目覚めるように突然目を覚ました b. 〖話し手のコメント 〗…のように, …だが ▸ As you know , everything on earth costs money .ご存じのようにこの世にただのものはありません ▸ John was very rude, as he can be sometimes .ジョンは, 時々そういうことがあるが, とても失礼な態度だった コーパスの窓 話し手のコメントを挿入するasの定形表現 as I said [say, was saying ] 申し上げた [申し上げている, 申し上げていた ]ように (!｟くだけて ｠では like I said [say, was saying ]も可能だが, 一般にほかの表現ではlikeは用いない:as [╳like ] you knowご存じのように ) ▸ as you can see おわかりのように ▸ as I remember [understand, see ] (it )私の記憶 [理解 ]では (!seeの場合itは省略しない方が普通 ) .c. ｟主に書 ｠〖as done 〗…されたように [とおりに ]▸ Everything's going as planned .すべて計画どおりに進んでいる ▸ Our team is doing as well as expected [╳as it was expected ].うちのチームは期待どおりにうまくやっている d. ｟かたく ｠〖as does A 〗Aもそう [同じ ]だが (↓代名詞 2 )▸ Peter is very stubborn, as was his father .ピーターは非常に頑固だ, 彼の父親もそうだったが ▸ He thinks highly of you. As do I .彼は君のことを大いに尊敬しているよ, 私もそうだが 3 〖同時 〗 (!asは通例文頭では強勢を受け, 主節の後では強勢を受けない; ↓5 ) . a. …するとき, …と同時に (when ); …しながら , … する間に (while )▸ The telephone rang (just ) as [when ] Tom was going into the bathroom .(ちょうど )トムがトイレに入ろうとしているとき電話が鳴った (!(1 )一方の出来事が進行中にもう一方の出来事が起こる例. (2 )justがある方が同時性を強調する; just asでは偶然性に重点があるが, just whenでは 「よりによってそのときに 」といった迷惑な気持ちを暗示することがある ) /As [While ] Jill was taking a bath, Jim was watching TV . ジルがふろに入っている間, ジムはテレビを見ていた (!2つの出来事が同時に進行中である例 ) /Bob came in (just ) as Ed went out . (ちょうど )エドが出てゆくのと同時にボブが入ってきた (!2つの出来事がまさに同時に起こる例 ) 語法 ①asはwhenやwhileよりも同時性を強調する語. 第3例のように瞬間的な時に焦点をあてることもあるが, 多少の時間の幅はあってもよい ▸ Turn off the light as you go out, please .出るときに電灯を切っておいてください .また, 同時性を述べる際に出来事の経過を意識するため, as節には動作動詞の進行形や行為の過程を表す 動詞 がくる ▸ As I was walking [walked ] down the street, I thought about my mother .私は通りを歩いているとき母のことを考えた .as節中に状態動詞がくると理由の意味に解釈される (↓5 )②2つの出来事の間に明らかな時間差がある場合は, when, as soon as, after, once, beforeなどを用いる ▸ When [╳As ] I arrived home, I called my mother .私は家に着くと母に電話をした b. …するにつれて (｟英 かたく ｠according as ) (!as節には通例事態の経過を表す表現が, 主節には比較級を伴う表現がくることが多い ) ▸ As he grew older, (｟かたく ｠so ) he became more confident .彼は年をとるにつれて自信を深めていった (!The older he grew, the more confident he became. もほぼ同じ内容を表すが 「年をとればとるほど …」といった感じ; →the 副詞 1 ) ▸ As time passed, things changed .時が経つにつれて事態は変化した .4 〖譲歩 〗｟ややかたく 主に書 ｠〖… as A does 〗Aは …であるが (though ) (!(1 )…には 形容詞 副詞 および一部の 動詞 がくる. (2 )…が 形容詞 副詞 の場合, ｟主に米 ｠ではas … as A doesの形が用いられることがある ) ▸ Poor as he was, he was honest .彼は貧乏だが正直者だった (≒｟よりくだけて ｠Although [Though ] he was poor, …. )/Strange as it may seem [it seems ], there was nobody in the room . 奇妙に思われるかもしれないが [思われるが ], 部屋にはだれもいなかった ▸ As much as ｟ 主に米 ｠ [Much as ｟ 主に英 ｠] I would like to , I can't help you .お役に立ちたいのは山々ですが, お役に立てません (!「お役に立ちたいのは山々ですが 」に重点をおきたい場合はI can't help you, (as ) much as I would like to. の語順 ) /Try as I might [would, did ], I couldn't solve the problem . 努力したけれども, その問題は解けなかった (≒However hard I tried, …)語法 同様の構文はthoughでも可能だが ｟よりかたく ｠響く ▸ Poor though [╳although ] he was, he was honest .彼は貧乏だが正直だった .5 〖理由 〗｟ややかたく ｠…で , …なので, …だから (!この用法のasは文頭 主節の後のいずれも通例強勢を受けない; ↑3 ; →because 接続詞 1a 類義 ) ▸ As it was raining, we decided to stay home .雨が降っていたので家にいることにした ▸ As you're so clever, you should know all the answers .君は頭がいいんだから答えをみんな知っているはずだ (╳ As (being ) clever, …としない )語法 1 主節とas節の因果関係はそれほど強くない. また, as節は聞き手や読み手がすでに知っている理由を軽く添えるだけなので, 意味上の焦点となる文末ではなく文頭にくることが多い. ｟くだけて ｠ではsoの方が好まれる ▸ It was raining, so we decided to stay home .雨が降っていたので家にいることにした .2 ｟かたく ｠では ｟比較的まれ ｠に 形容詞 や 分詞 が強意のため文頭に出されることがある ▸ Short as I was [As I was short ], I couldn't see anything .何しろ私は背が低いので何も見えなかった 6 〖名詞 を後から修飾して 〗…のような …, … している, …したときの (!名詞 のさまざまな様相 見方のうちの1つを表す ) ▸ the relative positions of the sun and moon as viewed from the earth 地球から見た太陽と月の相対的位置 (!しばしば 過分 形容詞 を従える; asの直後に主語とbe動詞が省略されている ) /Life as we know it would be impossible without water . 我々が知っているような生命体は水なしではあり得ないだろう (!itはlifeをさす ) /On TV we can see events as they are happening all over the world . 世界中で起こっている出来事を我々はテレビで見ることができる (!theyはeventsをさす ) 7 ｟くだけて ｠…ということ (that ) (!know, think, sayなどの 動詞 の後で ) ▸ I don't know as it's that bad .それがそんなに悪いことだなんて自分ではわからない 前置詞 (!接続詞 の用法の一部とも考えられる ) 1 〖機能 〗(役割 職業に注目して )…として ▸ Thousands of people die each year as a result of air pollution .大気汚染の結果, 何千という人が毎年死んでいる ▸ use the drum as a means of communication 太鼓を情報伝達の手段として使う ▸ They see [think of ] us as a threat .彼らは我々を脅威と考えている ▸ She worked as an actress but not as a comedian .彼女が働いていたのは女優としてであって, コメディアンとしてではない ▸ get a job as a teacher 教師の仕事に就く (!このほかstart [begin ] one's career as a teacher (教師として職歴をスタートさせる )という言い方もある ) ▸ I spoke as (the ) chairman [as a member of the club ].私は議長として [クラブの一員として ]発言した (!asの後では唯一の役割を表すtheがしばしば省略される; 唯一の役割でないときはa [an ]を用いる ) 表現 コーパス 1 動詞 ＋as A ▸ serve [act ] as A Aとして勤める [活動する ]/come as a shock [surprise ] to A Aにとってはショック [驚き ]である 2 動詞 ＋A as C ▸ describe A as C AをCだと言う ▸ regard [view, think of ] A as C AをCだと見なす (!Cは do ingも可能 ) ▸ accept A as C AをCとして受け入れる 3 名詞 /形容詞 ＋ (…) as A ▸ one's role as A Aとしての役割 ▸ one's experience as A Aとしての経験 ▸ in one's first year as A Aとしての最初の1年に 2 〖時 〗〈主に成長時期 〉のとき [間 ](↑接続詞 3a )▸ As a child (, ) I was not interested in science .子供のとき, 科学には興味がなかった (↓語法 )▸ As a teenager [student ](, ) I had a lot of freedom .10代 [学生 ]のころ私は自由奔放にやっていた 語法 1 As a child, …よりWhen I was a child, …の方がくだけた言い方. 一方, As I was a child, …では通例理由の意味になる (↑接続詞 5 ).2 asの後の 名詞 が複数の登場人物に対応するときは複数形 ▸ As children, Helen and Paul thought each other great .子供のころ, ヘレンとポールはお互いをすごいと思っていた 3 文脈によっては理由の意味になることがある ▸ As a student, I paid a reduced fare .学生だったので割引料金を払った (≒Because I was a student, …)3 〖外見 〗(装って )…に見えるように ▸ get dressed as [like ] a woman 女性のような服装をする ▸ be disguised [disguise oneself ] as a man 男に変装する 4 〖様態 〗…のように (!特にjust as youの形で用いられ, ほかは ｟まれ ｠; ↑接続詞 2 ) ▸ Just as you , we've been working hard on this problem .ちょうどあなたのように, 我々はこの問題で苦労しています 代名詞 〖関係詞 〗 (!接続詞 の用法の一部とも考えられる ) 1 (…する )ような …, (…する )… (!the same, as, such, soなどの後で相関的に用いる; ↑接続詞 1a 第1例 ; →same , such , so 1 ) ▸ He wore the same clothes as I did [me ].彼は私と同じ服を着ていた ▸ He hates cats for the same reason as I do .彼は私と同じ理由でネコが嫌いだ ▸ Take as much [many ] as you want [╳as you want it ].欲しいだけ取りなさい (!muchは量, manyは数に用いる ) ▸ It was such a sight as he had never seen .それは彼が見た事もないような光景だった ▸ We were going to support him until such time as he would settle down .我々は彼が落ち着くまでは彼を支援するつもりだった (!関係副詞のwhenに近い ) 語法 1 主格と目的格の関係代名詞として機能するが, 主格の用法は ｟かたく ｠響く .2 ｟コーパス ｠目的格の場合は通例asが省略されるが, この傾向はthe sameを伴う場合には特に強い ▸ Jim is doing the same thing (as ) I did .ジムは私がやったのと同じことをしている .3 ｟コーパス ｠as節中では文脈から明らかな要素がしばしば省略され, asの後には 名詞 のほか, 副詞 (句 ), 時に動詞 (句 ), 節がくる .2 〖前後の内容をさして 〗それは …だが , … のように ▸ As is so often the case in biology, what is true of mice is true of men .生物学では非常によくあることだが, ネズミに当てはまることは人間にも当てはまるのだ (!先行詞は後の節 ) ▸ Suddenly the computer system stopped, as happens sometimes .時々あることだが, コンピュータシステムが突然止まった (≒…, which happens sometimes. )▸ The question is as follows :...質問は次のとおりです: …副詞 比較なし 1 同じ程度に (!主にas … as構文の最初のasとして; ↑接続詞 1 ) ▸ While exercise is good for the body, rest is just as important .運動は体にいいが休息も同じくらい大切だ (!文脈から明らかなのでimportantの後にas exercise (is )が省略されている ) 2 ｟まれ ｠たとえば ▸ spring flowers, as the tulip or carnation 春の花, たとえばチューリップとかカーネーション (!spring flowers, such as [like ] the tulip or carnationの方が普通 ) as ag á inst A A 〈数字 事実 〉と比較して, Aに対して (!againstより強意的 ) .à s and wh é n (…)(1 )〖節を伴って 〗(いつもではなく必要になって )…するときだけ (!不確定な未来に言及 ) . (2 )〖副詞的に 〗できるだけ早く .as … as A A 〈数量 〉ほども …(→no less than , no few er than )▸ They lost as much as $1 billion [as many as 1,000 employees ] a year .彼らは1年に10億ドルも [1,000人もの従業員を ]失った (!U 名詞にはas much as (↔as little as )を, C 名詞にはas many as (↔as few as )を用いる; ↓コーパスの窓 (1 )) 語法 …には比較変化可能な 形容詞 副詞 を伴い, …に示された 形容詞 副詞 の程度がはなはだしいことを暗示して数量を強調する. ただし, only [just ] as … as Aではその暗示はなくなる .コーパスの窓 数量を表すas … as A 1 Aの数量表現が複数形であっても, 金額 時間 距離 重量 容量など広義のまとまった量と見なせる場合はas much asを用いる. なお, percentは単独ではmuchで受けるが, of句を伴うときはその後にくる 名詞 によってmuchかmanyかが決まる ▸ grow by as much as 15 percent a year 年に15パーセントも成長する ▸ This event affected as much as 10 percent of the population [as many as 10 percent of the students ].この出来事は人口の [学生の ]10パーセントもの人に影響を与えた 2 as much [many ] as以外の数量を表す表現には以下のようなものがある ▸ go as fast as 50 miles an hour 時速50マイルの速さで進む ▸ date back as far as 7000 b.c.はるか紀元前7000年まで遡 （さかのぼ ）る ▸ live for as long as 26 years 26年の長きにわたって生きる ▸ be on sale as early as 2006 早くも2006年に売り出される (!年号であってもinは不要; 未来のことには as soon as 2006も可能 ) ▸ range as high as 25 \%25パーセントの高さにも及ぶ ▸ children as young as 12 12歳という幼い子供たち (!通例years oldは付けない; 月や週単位では明記する:babies as young as 4 months [weeks ] (old ) 生後4か月 [4週間 ]の幼い赤ん坊 ) /as recently as 1994 ついこの1994年に (!inは不要 ) ▸ water as hot as 100 ℃摂氏100度もある湯 as … as can [could ] b é (done )とても, この上なく (!(1 )時に最初のasは省略される. (2 )時に強調のためas … as … can [could ] beのように …の 形容詞 副詞 が繰り返される ) ▸ “Are you all right? ” “As well as can be expected, I guess. ”「大丈夫かい 」「最高さ 」 (!強がって言う言い方 ) as … as one c á n [c ó uld ]できるだけ …▸ Throw a ball as far as you can [possible ].できるだけ遠くにボールを投げなさい (↑接続詞 1 a 表現 (2 ))▸ We have to learn as much as we can about ecology .エコロジーについて我々はできるだけ多くのことを学ばなければならない as A as to do ＝so 1 A as to do .as f á r as ...→far .á s for A ｟くだけて 時にけなして ｠A 〈人 事 物 〉については, Aはというと (↓as to A ) (!前出の話題に関連した新しい話題を導入する; ｟コーパス ｠Aには時にdo ing やwh節 句もくる ) ▸ John likes fast food. As for Peter, he likes Japanese food .ジョンはファーストフードが好きだ . ピーターはといえば, 彼は日本料理が好きなんだ (!時にas forは重要でないことを暗示するので, 話し手自身のことについては謙遜の意味を込めて類義のas toよりas forが好まれる:As for me , I like Japanese food. 私はといえば日本料理が好きです ) /As for running away, I wouldn't think of it . 逃げるだなんて, 考えも及ばない á s from A ｟主に英 ｠A 〈期日 〉以降に (↓as of A ).as í f ...1 〖過去 (完了 )形動詞を伴って 〗(実際にはそうでないと思われるが )まるで [あたかも ]…であるかのように [で ]; 〖現在形動詞を伴って 〗(たぶん )…であるように [で ](↓語法 (3 ))▸ It looks as if he were [｟よりくだけて ｠was ] afraid of something .彼はまるで何かを恐れているようだ (!(1 )本当に恐れているかどうかに確信が持てない言い方. (2 )It looks as if he is afraid of something. はHe is probably afraid of something. に近く, ある程度確信を持った言い方; ↓語法 (3 )(4 ), ｟表現 ｠) ▸ He nodded, as if he were trying [as if trying ] to encourage me .彼はうなずいた, 私を勇気づけてくれようとするかのように (↓語法 (5 ))▸ Why doesn't he help me with my homework? It's not as if he had no time .｟主に話 ｠彼はなぜ私の宿題を手伝ってくれないの . 時間がないわけじゃあるまいし (!It's not [It isn't ] as if …は 「絶対にそんなことはない 」という話し手の気持ちを表す; この用法ではas thoughよりas ifの方が普通 ) ▸ I made as if I hadn't heard .私は聞こえなかったふりをした 語法 1 ｟コーパス ｠as if [though ]と like as thoughもas ifと同様に用いるが, 頻度はas ifの3分の1にも満たず, どちらかというと ｟米 ｠より ｟英 ｠で好まれる. ｟くだけて ｠ではas ifの代わりにlikeが用いられることもあるが, この用法は ｟英 ｠より ｟米 ｠の方で好まれる (→like 2 接続詞 1 ).2 位置 as if [though ]節は通例主節の後におかれるが, コンマと共に文頭におかれることもある (↓語法 (5 )).3 ｟コーパス ｠時制 as if [though ]節内の時制は, 話し手の確信度を反映している. a. 話し手がas if [though ]節中の内容について確信が持てなかったり真実でないと知っている場合, 主節の 動詞 が表すのと同じ時の事柄には過去形 (仮定法過去 )を, それよりも前の事柄には過去完了形 (仮定法過去完了 )を用いる ▸ Susan talks as if she knew everything [nothing had happened ].スーザンは自分が何でも知っている [何事もなかった ]かのように話す .また, 主節の 動詞 の時制が変わってもas if [though ]節中の時制は影響を受けない ▸ Susan talked as if she knew everything [nothing had happened ].スーザンは自分が何でも知っている [何事もなかった ]かのように話した b. 話し手がas if [though ]節中の内容にほぼ50パーセント程度かそれ以上の確信を持っている場合は現在 (完了 )形を用いる . この場合, 通例主節の 動詞 も現在形となる (↑第1例注記 )▸ The man looks as if he has been crying .その男は泣いていたようだ c. 文脈から出来事の発生順序が明らかな場合は過去完了形の代わりに過去形が用いられることがある ▸ It's as if my own father (had ) died .私の実の父親が死んだようなものだ 4 ｟コーパス ｠be 動詞 as if [though ] 節中にbe動詞の過去形が現れる場合, かつては主語の単複にかかわらずwereが用いられていたが, 最近では特に ｟くだけて /話 ｠における単数主語にはwasが普通に用いられる. また, 一般にwere ＜was ＜is [are, am ]の順に話し手の確信度は高くなる .5 省略 as if [though ]節中にto不定詞 現在 [過去 ]分詞 副詞句を含む場合, 主語と 動詞 が省略されることがある ▸ Mark offered the car keys to me as if to say, “Are these yours? ”マークは 「これは君のかい 」というかのように私に車のキーを差し出した ▸ George was silent for a moment, as if surprised to see me .ジョージは一瞬黙ってしまった, 私を見て驚いたかのように ▸ As if by magic, he suddenly moved into the picture .魔法を使ったかのように, 突然彼はその絵の中に入っていった 6 as … as構文と融合して用いられることがある ▸ He was as proud of me as if I had been his own mother .彼は私が彼の実の母であったかのように私のことを誇りに思ってくれていた 表現 as if [though ]節はその前に次のような表現をしばしば伴う ▸ it looks [looked ] ～▸ it sounds [sounded ] ～▸ it seems [seemed ] ～▸ it feels [felt ] ～▸ it appears [appeared ] ～.2 〖it seems ～ …〗…であるようだ [ように思われる ] (!it seems that …に近く, as if節中の 動詞 は通例仮定法ではなく通常の活用変化をする; it seemed as if …やほかの 動詞 については ↑(1 )｟表現 ｠) ▸ It seems as if there is little hope .ほとんど望みはなさそうだ 3 ｟くだけた話 ｠〖主節を省略して 〗(相手の発言に対して )まるで …みたいな言い方ですね (そんなことは絶対ないのに ), まさか …なわけがない (!しばしばknow, matter, care, wouldなどを従えて ) ; 〖節を従えず単独で 〗まさか, ばかな ▸ “Why is that? ” “As if you don't [didn't ] know !”「なぜですか 」「しらばくれて 」▸ “Have you read that book? ” “Yeah, I finished it yesterday. ” “As if! ” “I did! ”「あの本読んだかい 」「ああ, 昨日読み終えたよ 」「まさか 」「本当だよ 」á s in (A )1 Aにおけるように (↑接続詞 2a 語法 ).2 (たとえば )Aみたいに ▸ “Farther ” is used when you mean distance ―real distance, as in , “He can throw the ball farther than she can. ”「farther 」は距離, たとえば 「彼は彼女よりも遠くへボールを投げられる 」で使われているように実際のある距離をさす 3 ｟話 ｠(聞き手との共通知識に訴えて )例の, あの ▸ “I've got an e-mail from Bob. ” “Bob? As in …” “As in , he's going to be president. ”「ボブから電子メールをもらったよ 」「ボブですって, あの …」「あの, 次期社長のね 」as í s 1 ＝as it is (1 ).2 (欠点はあるが )現品で ▸ As is .(商品表示で )現品限り .à s it í s 1 (欠点 問題点はあるが )現状のままで [の ], そのままで [の ]; 現状では (!(1 )いずれもas he [she ] is, as they wereなど, ほかの主語 時制でも用いる;↑接続詞 2a . (2 )時にas it stands, ｟比較的まれに ｠as isが用いられる; その場合, 通例主語や時制の影響は受けないが, 過去の文脈ではas wasが用いられることがある ) ▸ My blood pressure's bad enough as it is .私の血圧は今のままでも十分ひどい ▸ obey the law as it is 現在の法律に従う 2 (予期 必要に反して )ところが実際は (!時にas it turns out, as things standなどの形で ) ▸ We were going to leave on Tuesday, but as it is we'll have to stay here until the weekend .火曜日にたつつもりだったが, 事情が変わって週末までここにいなければならないだろう 3 すでに (already )▸ I've got enough problems as it is .問題ならすでに十分抱え込んでいるよ à s it st á nds ＝as it is (1 ).à s it t ú rns out ＝as it is (2 ).à s it w é re ｟かたい話 ｠〖挿入的に 〗いわば (!as if it were soを短縮したもの: ╳as it wasとしない ) ▸ A son is, as it were , a part of his father. ≒A son is a part of his father, as it were .息子というのは, いわば父親の一部だ as [so ] l ó ng as →long 1 .á s of A ｟主に米 ｠A 〈期日 〉現在で, Aの時点で ; A以降に (｟主に英 ｠as from A )▸ As of July 1st, 80 were still alive .7月1日の時点で80人がまだ生きていた /This price is effective as of next Monday . この価格は来月曜日から適用される 表現 as of A の慣用的表現 ▸ as of (right ) now 今現在 ▸ as of yet まだ (…ない ) (!通例否定的文脈で ) ▸ as of today 今日現在 ; 今日から ▸ as of this moment 現時点では ; これ以降 ▸ as of this writing 現執筆時点で ▸ as of the date of this letter この手紙の日付の時点で as … so ...…であるのと同様に …(↑接続詞 2 ); …と同時に …, …するにつれて …(…は節; ↑接続詞 3 )▸ As God is my master, so I am yours .神が私の主人であるように私はお前の主人だ /As he moves off, so they all follow him . 彼が動き始めると彼らがみんなついてゆく /As enrollment increased, so did funds from the community . 登録者が増えるにつれて地域からの基金も増えていった (!soの後が倒置されている ) à s things st á nd ＝as it is (2 ).as th ó ugh ＝as if (1 ), (2 ).á s to A 1 ｟かたく ｠Aについて, 関して (about ); 〖文頭で 〗Aはといえば (!前出の話題に関連して新しい話題を導入する ) (↑as for A )▸ I didn't have a clue as to what was going on [how to do that ].どうなっているのか [それをどうやってやるのか ]さっぱりわからなかった コーパスの窓 as to Aの用法 1 as for Aと違ってAには主にwh節 句や事を表す 名詞 がきて, 人は 〘比較的まれ 〙.2 しばしば認識に関するclue, question, decision, doubt, theory, explanation, indicationなどの 名詞 , curious, clear, confused, uncertainなどの 形容詞 , at a lossなどの句の後で用いられる .2 A 〈基準 原則 〉に従って ▸ arrange the costumes as to color 衣装を色別に整理する á s w à s 以前 [かつて ]のように .as w é ll →well 1 .as w é ll as ...→well 1 .À s you d ó .｟英 しばしば皮肉で ｠(前言を正当化して )だれだって [普通 ]そうするでしょう ▸ He waved to me and I waved back. As you do .彼が私に手を振ったから私も振り返したの . だれだってそうするでしょ à s you w é re 1 〘軍 〙元へ 〘元の姿勢に戻すときの号令 〙.2 〖挿入的に 〗(前言を訂正して )元へ .be th à t as it m á y →may .A is to B as X is to Y .AのBに対する関係はXのYに対する関係と同じである ▸ Morning is to evening as sunrise is to sunset .朝と晩の関係は日の出と日没の関係と同じである ▸ Five is to ten as ten is to 20 .5対10は10対20 (!数式5:10 ＝10:20の読み方 )