by
ADJ เป็นตัวแทน ของ pen-tua-taen-kong
ADV ก่อนเวลา ที่ กำหนด before after kon-we-la-ti-kam-nod
PREP ทาง ไป ทาง tang
PREP ผ่าน ผ่าน ไป ผ่าน through phan
PREP ระหว่าง ช่วง ที่ ra-wang
PREP เป็นผล เนื่องจาก เป็นไปตาม pen-phon-nueang-jak
PREP โดย ตาม ด้วย ผ่าน ทุก ,ทีละ ต่อ via doi
PREP โดยประมา ณ doi-pra-man
PREP ใกล้ ข้าง อยู่ ข้าง near kai
BY
prep. 1. Near; close; as, sit by me; that house stands by a river. [L. pressus.] 2. Near, in motion; as, to move, go or pass by a church. But it seems, in other phrases, or with a verb in the past time, to signify past, gone beyond. "The procession is gone by; " "the hour is gone by; " "John went by. " We now use past as an equivalent word. The procession is gone past. Gone by is in strictness tautology, as now used; but I apprehend by signifies primarily near. 3. Through, or with, denoting the agent, means, instrument or cause; as, "a city is destroyed by fire; " "profit is made by commerce; " "to take by force. " This use answers to that of the Latin per, through, denoting a passing, acting, agency, or instrumentality. 4. "Day by day; " "year by year; " "article by article. " In these phrases, by denotes passing from one to another, or each particular separately taken. 5. "By the space of seven years. " In this phrase, by denotes through, passing or continuing, during. 6. "By this time, the sun had risen. " The word here seems to denote, at, present or come to. 7. According to; as, "this appears by his own account; " "these are good rules to live by. " 8. On; as, "to pass by land or water; " "great battles by sea and land. " In the latter phrase, at or on might be substituted for by. 9. It is placed before words denoting quantity, measure or proportion; as, to sell by the pound; to work by the rod or perch; this line is longer by a tenth. 1 . It is used to represent the means or instrument of swearing, or affirming; as, to swear by heaven, or by earth; to affirm by all that is sacred. 11. In the phrase, "he has a cask of wine by him, " by denotes nearness or presence. 12. "To sit by one's self, " is to sit alone, or without company. 13. "To be present by attorney. " In this phrase, by denotes means or instrument; through or in the presence of a substitute. 14. In the phrase, "North by West, " the sense seems to be north passing to the west, inclining or going westward, or near west. As an adverb, by denotes also nearness, or presence; as, there was no person by, at the time. But some noun is understood. So in the phrase, "to pass or go by, " there is a noun understood. By and by is a phrase denoting nearness in time; in a short time after; presently; soon. When persecution ariseth, because of the word, by and by, he is offended. Matthew 13:21. By the by signifies, as we proceed or pass. To stand by, is to stand near, or to support. By in lullaby, and in the nursery, a word used in lulling infants to sleep, is evidently allied to words found in many languages, signifying to rest, or be quiet, or to appease; that is, to press, to stop. [L. paco. ] By or bye, in by-law. In the common phrase, good-bye, bye signifies passing, going. The phrase signifies, a good going, a prosperous passage, and it is precisely equivalent to farewell. By is used in many compound words, in most of which we observe the sense of nearness, closeness, or a withdrawing or seclusion.
By, prep. Etym: [OE. bi, AS. bi, big, near to, by, of, from, after, according to; akin to OS. & OFries. bi, be, D. bij, OHG. bi, G. bie, Goth. bi, and perh. Gr. . E. prefix be- is orig. the same word. pref. Be-. ]
BY By, adv.
BY By, a.
by |bī baɪ | ▶preposition 1 identifying the agent performing an action. • after a passive verb: the door was opened by my cousin Annie | damage caused by fire. • after a noun denoting an action: further attacks by the mob | a clear decision by the electorate. • identifying the author of a text, idea, or work of art: a book by Ernest Hemingway. 2 [ often with verbal noun ] indicating the means of achieving something: malaria can be controlled by attacking the parasite | they plan to provide further working capital by means of borrowing. • indicating a term to which an interpretation is to be assigned: what is meant by “fair? ” • indicating a name according to which a person is known: she mostly calls me by my last name. • indicating the means of transport selected for a journey: traveling by train to Boston. • indicating the other parent of someone's child or children: Richard is his son by his third wife. • indicating the sire of a pedigree animal, esp. a horse: a black filly by Goldfuerst. • (followed by a noun without an adjective ) in various phrases indicating how something happens: I heard by chance that she has married again | Anderson, by contrast, rejects this view | she ate by candlelight. 3 indicating the amount or size of a margin: the shot missed her by miles | the raising of taxes by 2.5 \%. • indicating a unit of measurement: billing is by the minute. • in phrases indicating something happening repeatedly or progressively, typically with repetition of a unit of time: colors changing minute by minute | the risk becomes worse by the day. • identifying a parameter: a breakdown of employment figures by age and occupation. • expressing multiplication, often in dimensions: a map measuring 24 by 36 inches | she multiplied it by 89. 4 indicating a deadline or the end of a particular time period: I've got to do this report by Monday | by now Kelly needed extensive physiotherapy. 5 indicating location of a physical object beside a place or object: remains were discovered by the roadside | the lamp was by the door. • past; beyond: I drove by our house. 6 indicating the period in which something happens: this animal always hunts by night . 7 concerning; according to: anything you do is all right by me | she had done her duty by him. 8 used in mild oaths: it was the least he could do, by God. [partly translating French par ‘through the medium or agency of. ’] ▶adverb so as to go past: a car flashed by on the other side of the road | he let only a moment go by. ▶noun ( pl. byes ) variant spelling of bye 1. PHRASES by and by before long; eventually. by the by (or bye ) incidentally; parenthetically: where's Hector, by the by? by and large on the whole; everything considered: mammals have, by and large, bigger brains than reptiles. [originally in nautical use, describing the handling of a ship both with the wind and against it. ] by oneself 1 alone: living in that big house by himself. 2 unaided: the patient often learns to undress by himself. by way of see way. ORIGIN Old English bī, bi, be, of Germanic origin; related to Dutch bij and German bei .
by |bʌɪ | ▶preposition 1 identifying the agent performing an action: • after a passive verb: the door was opened by my cousin Annie | damage caused by fire. • after a noun denoting an action: a clear decision by the electorate | years of hard fund-raising work by local people. • identifying the author of a text, idea, or work of art: a book by Ernest Hemingway. 2 [ often with verbal noun ] indicating the means of achieving something: malaria can be controlled by attacking the parasite | they substantiate their opinions by the use of precise textual reference | they plan to provide further working capital by means of borrowing. • indicating a term to which an interpretation is to be assigned: what is meant by ‘fair ’? • indicating a name according to which a person is known: she mostly calls me by my last name. • indicating the means of transport selected for a journey: the cost of travelling by bus | I travelled to Folkestone by rail. • indicating the other parent of someone's child or children: Richard is his son by his third wife. • indicating the sire of a pedigree animal, especially a horse: a black filly by Goldfuerst. • (followed by a noun without a determiner ) in various phrases indicating how something happens: I heard by chance that she has married again | Anderson, by contrast, rejects this view | she ate by candlelight. 3 indicating the amount or size of a margin: the shot missed her by miles | the raising of VAT by 2.5 \%. • indicating a quantity or amount: billing is by the minute | the drunken yobbos who turned up by the cartload. • in phrases indicating something happening repeatedly or progressively, typically with repetition of a unit of time: colours changing minute by minute | the risk becomes worse by the day. • identifying a parameter: a breakdown of employment figures by age and occupation. • expressing multiplication, especially in dimensions: a map measuring 400 by 600 mm | she multiplied it by 89. 4 indicating a deadline or the end of a particular time period: I've got to do this report by Monday | by now Kelly needed extensive physiotherapy. 5 indicating location of a physical object beside a place or object: remains were discovered by the roadside | the pram was by the dresser. • past and beyond: I drove by our house. 6 indicating the period in which something happens: this animal always hunts by night . 7 concerning; according to: anything you do is all right by me | she had done her duty by him. 8 used in mild oaths: it was the least he could do, by God | I swear by Almighty God. ▶adverb so as to go past: a car flashed by on the other side of the road | he let only a moment go by. ▶noun ( pl. byes ) variant spelling of bye 1. PHRASES by and by before long; eventually. by the by (or bye ) incidentally: where's Hector, by the by? by and large on the whole; everything considered: mammals have, by and large, bigger brains than reptiles. [originally in nautical use, describing the handling of a ship both to the wind and off it. ] by oneself 1 alone: she lives in the apartment by herself. 2 unaided: the patient often learns to undress by himself. by way of see way. ORIGIN Old English bī, bi, be, of Germanic origin; related to Dutch bij and German bei .
by preposition 1 I broke it by forcing the lid: through, as a result of, because of, by dint of, by way of, via, by means of; with the help of, with the aid of, by virtue of. 2 be there by midday: no later than, in good time for, at, before. 3 a house by the lake: next to, beside, alongside, by /at the side of, adjacent to, side by side with; near, close to, neighboring, adjoining, bordering, overlooking; connected to, contiguous with, attached to. 4 go by the building: past, in front of, beyond. 5 all right by me: according to, with, as far as —— is concerned. ▶adverb people hurried by: past, on, along. PHRASES by and by by and by, you'll learn the routine: eventually, ultimately, finally, in the end, one day, some day, sooner or later, in time, in a while, in the long run, in the fullness of time, in time to come, at length, in the future, in due course, over the long haul. by oneself I built the fireplace by myself: alone, on one's own, singly, separately, solitarily, unaccompanied, companionless, unattended, unescorted, solo; unaided, unassisted, without help, by one's own efforts, under one's own steam, independently, single-handed (ly ), on one's own initiative; informal by one's lonesome.
by preposition 1 he was arrested by the police | I broke it by forcing the lid: through the agency of, by means of, under the aegis of, using, utilizing, employing, with the help of, with the aid of, as a result of, because of, by dint of, by way of, by virtue of, via, through. 2 please be there by midday: no later than, in good time for, at, before. 3 the house by the lake: next to, beside, next door to, alongside, by /at the side of, abreast of, adjacent to, cheek by jowl with, side by side with; near, close to, hard by, nearest to, neighbouring, adjoining, abutting, bordering, overlooking; connected to, connecting with, contiguous with, attached to. 4 go by the building: past, in front of, beyond. 5 anything you do is all right by me: according to, with, as far as … is concerned, concerning. PHRASES by all means take your grandmother to see it by all means but she might not thank you for it! certainly, indeed, of course, definitely, without (a ) doubt, without question, unquestionably; affirmative. by and large by and large, all of the chapters follow the same format: largely, mostly, mainly, to a large extent, to a great extent, to a great degree, on the whole, chiefly, generally, in general, predominantly, substantially, primarily, overall, for the most part, in the main, principally, in great measure, preponderantly, first and foremost, for all intents and purposes, basically; usually, typically, commonly. by oneself 1 reading by oneself was encouraged only when it was raining: alone, all alone, on one's own, in a solitary state, singly, separately, solitarily, unaccompanied, companionless, partnerless, unattended, unescorted, unchaperoned, solo; informal by one's lonesome; Brit. informal on one's tod, on one's lonesome, on one's jack, on one's Jack Jones. 2 there is no possibility of creating anything either by oneself or in conjunction with others: unaided, unassisted, without help, without assistance, by one's own efforts, under one's own steam, independently, single-handed (ly ), solo, on one's own, alone, all alone, off one's own bat, on one's own initiative. ▶adverb people hurried by: past, on, along, beyond. PHRASES by and by by and by you will learn the ropes: eventually, ultimately, finally, in the end, as time goes on /by, one day, some day, sooner or later, in time, in a while, after a bit, in the long run, in the fullness of time, at a later time, at a later date, at length, at a future time /date, at some point in the future, in the future, in time to come, in due course.
BY 〖 Republic of Belarus 〗ベラルーシ 。ISO の国 地域コードの一 。
by /baɪ / (! buyと同音 ) 〖「位置 」＞「通過 経由 」＞「時 」〗前置詞 【動作主 】1 〖主に受け身に続いて 〗a. …によって ▸ Her cat was killed by a car .彼女のネコは車にはねられ死んだ ▸ We were all shocked by the news .その知らせにみんなショックを受けた ▸ a device invented by a Japanese engineer 日本人技師により発明された装置 類義 受け身で用いられるbyとwith 通例 by は動作の主体 (人でも物でもよい )を表すが, with は道具 手段を表す ▸ This postcard is written by a child [with a pencil ].このはがきは子供が [鉛筆で ]書いたものだ ▸ I was hit by [╳with ] a falling tree .私は倒れてきた木に当たった (≒A falling tree hit me. )▸ I was hit with a hammer .私は金づちでたたかれた (≒Someone hit me with a hammer. )コミュニケーション A: I'm leaving now . もう帰りますから .B: Leaving? What do you mean by that? 帰るって? それはどういう意味でしょうか .❢相手の言葉の真意を問い返す場合に .b. …作の 〈本 曲 絵など 〉▸ a novel by Haruki Murakami 村上春樹の小説 【経由 】2 a. 〖通信 移動などの手段 〗…で (!後続の 名詞 は機能に重点があり通例無冠詞 ) ▸ I'll contact you soon by phone .すぐに電話で連絡します ▸ pay by credit card クレジットカードで払う ▸ I came here by car [bus, bike, plane ].車 [バス, 自転車, 飛行機 ]でここに来ました ▸ travel by air [land, sea ]空 [陸, 海 ]路で旅行する 語法 by ＋交通手段を表す 名詞 ①交通手段を表す 名詞 は通例無冠詞だが, 具体的に修飾語が付く場合は冠詞が必要. ｟米 ｠では時にonを使うこともあるが, on the trainのように冠詞が必要 ▸ by the tour [shuttle ] bus ツアー [シャトル ]バスで ②「人の車に乗っていく 」という場合はinを使う ▸ Do we go in [╳by ] my car? 僕の車に乗っていこうか b. 〖経由 〗…を通って , …を経由して (via )▸ go in by the back door 裏口から入る ▸ return home by the northern route 北寄りの経路で帰国する ▸ They arrived in India by way of China .彼らは中国経由でインドへ到着した (!by Chinaとするのは ｟まれ ｠) c. 〖結果 方法 〗…により , …の結果 (!後に来る 名詞 は無冠詞 ) ; 〖～ doing 〗…することによって ▸ win by chance [luck ]偶然に [運で ]勝利する ▸ by mistake 誤って ▸ save fuel by taking a shorter route 近い方のルートをとってガソリンを節約する 【近い位置 】3 a. 〖位置 〗…のそばに [で ], …のすぐ近くに , …のわき [手元 ]に (near, beside )(↓類義 )▸ on the table by the window 窓際に置いてあるテーブルの上に ▸ Sue was by the door .スーはドアのそばにいた ▸ She sat by her husband .彼女は夫のそばに座った 類義 近い位置を示すby, near, beside, at by は near より距離が近いことを示す. a park by the riverは川が見えるくらい近い 「川沿いの公園 」で, a park near the riverなら, 実際には何キロか離れているかもしれないが, 川からは遠くない公園. また, byは近ければどの方向でも示せるが, beside は特に左右に近い位置をさす. また, byは地名の前では用いない. at も隣接した位置を示すが, byに比べatは目的があって側にいることを示す ▸ an airport near [╳by ] Seattle シアトルの近くの空港 ▸ stand by [wait at ] the door ドアのそばに立つ [で待つ ]b. 〖方位 〗…寄りの ▸ north by northwest 北北西 4 〖通過 経路 〗…のそばを (通って ) (!pastよりゆっくり通過する ) ▸ The 32 bus goes by the park .32番のバスは公園のそばを通る ▸ walk by a house for sale 売り物件の家のそばを歩いて通り過ぎる 5 〖動作の媒介 〗〈人 物 〉の …を 〈つかむなど 〉 (!(1 )人の体や物全体をつかんだり握ったりし, その後に具体的部分を言い表す. (2 )｟コーパス ｠動詞 はgrab, catch, take, holdなど. (3 )後に来る 名詞 は通例theを伴う ) ▸ The man seized her by the arm .男は彼女の腕をつかんだ ▸ grab the trunk by the handle トランクの取っ手を握る 【時 】6 〖限界 〗…までに (は )(not later than )▸ I have to finish the essay by Saturday .土曜までに論文を書きあげないといけない ▸ by tomorrow [lunchtime ]明日 [お昼休み ]までに ▸ They must be home by now .彼らは今はもう家にいるはずだ ▸ I'll be back by tonight .今日中に戻ります (╳ by todayとしない )▸ By the time (that ) we got there, the bus had already gone .僕たちがそこに着いたころには, もうバスは出発していた (↓コーパスの窓 )コーパスの窓 by the time 1 「AまでにはBだった 」という場合, 明らかにAが起きた時に, すでにBが起きていれば, 上記の例のようにBの節は過去完了形を用いる. A, Bの明らかな前後関係を示す必要のない場合は, 共に過去形を用いることも多い ▸ By the time we got there, we were very tired .そこに着くまでに, 僕たちはとても疲れていた 2 By the timeの後ろのthat節は, 通例thatを省略する (↑第5例 ).3 that節は時を表す副詞節なので, 未来を表す内容は現在形 (未来完了は現在完了形 )を用いる .類義 byとuntil [till ], before 1 by は動作, 状態がある時点 「までに終わる 」こと, until [till ]は動作, 状態がある時点 「まで続く 」ことを示す .したがって, 通例byは瞬間の動作を表す 動詞 と共に, untilは状態の継続を表す 動詞 と共に用いる (→until 前置詞 2 語法 (1 ))▸ I'll be back by six .6時までに戻ります ▸ I'll be here until six .6時までずっとここにいます ▸ get there by [╳until ] seven 7時までにそこに行く ▸ sleep until [╳by ] seven 7時まで寝ている ｟コーパス ｠ただし, 否定文ではどちらも動作を表す 動詞 と共に用いる ▸ He didn't get back until [by ] midnight .彼は真夜中まで戻らなかった 2 ｟コーパス ｠「7時までに 」はbefore sevenとも言えるが, before には節が後続することが多い. byの後ろに節を後続させる場合は by the time … とする (↑第5例, コーパスの窓 )▸ I'll be back before [by the time ] you leave .君が帰る前 [まで ]に戻ります 7 〖状態 期間 〗…の間に ; …のうちに (!後に来る 名詞 は通例無冠詞 ) ▸ by day [night ]日中 [夜間 ]に 【程度 尺度 】8 〖数量 程度の差違 〗…だけ , …の差で ▸ miss the train by seconds 数秒差で電車に乗り損ねる ▸ Sales are up by 5 \%.売上は5 \%上昇している ▸ ｟まれ ｠My sister is younger than me by two years .妹は私より2つだけ年下です (!通例My sister is two years younger than me. とする ) 9 〖単位 〗〖～ the …〗…によって , …ぎめで ; …ごとに ▸ rent a room by the week [month ]週 [月 ]ぎめで部屋を借りる ▸ be sold by the gallon [meter ]1ガロン [メートル ]単位で売られている (!｟コーパス ｠「重さ [長さ ]で売られている 」は通例theは付けない:be sold by weight [length ]) 10 〖基準 〗…によって , …に基づいて ; …ごとに , …別に ,〖A by A 〗Aずつ , Aごとに ▸ tell time by the sun 太陽を見て時刻を知る ▸ I could see by the way he walked that he was injured .彼の歩き方からけがをしていることがわかった ▸ By law, we can't move an inch .法律により我々は一寸たりとも動けない ▸ She was growing weaker by the hour .彼女は時間を追うごとに弱ってきた ▸ The price varies by region .その価格は地域ごとに違っている ▸ little by little [bit by bit ]少しずつ [ちょっとずつ ]▸ day by day 一日一日 (→after 前置詞 3 ).11 〖関係 〗…(の点 )は, …については (!後に来る 名詞 は無冠詞 ) ; …を父 [母 ]とする 〈子供 〉▸ I'm shy by nature . ≒I'm by nature shy .私は生まれつきの恥ずかしがりやです ▸ know the singer by name [sight ]その歌手の名前 [顔 ]は知っている ▸ I'm an engineer by trade [profession ].私の職業は技師です ▸ That's all right by [with ] me .僕はそれでかまいません (!withの方が普通 ) ▸ She has three children by her previous husband .彼女は前の夫との間に3人の子供がいる (≒She has three children from a previous marriage )12 〖誓言 〗｟話 ｠…にかけて ▸ swear by God 神にかけて誓う 13 〖対象 〗…に対して (toward )▸ do well [one's best ] by A Aを大切に扱う [Aのためできる限りのことをする ](→do 1 by A )14 a. 〖乗除 〗…を掛ける ; …で割る ▸ 2 multiplied by 7 equals 14 .2 ×7 =14 ▸ 8 divided by 2 equals 4 .8 ÷2 =4 b. 〖面積 体積の比率 〗〈縦 横 高さが 〉…の ▸ The poster is three feet by two feet .ポスターは3 ×2フィートの大きさだ ▸ a 2- by -4 厚さ2インチ幅4インチの材木 【句動詞で 】15 〖訪問場所 〗｟主に米 ｠…に (寄って ) (!go, come, stopなどと共に ) ▸ stop by a supermarket スーパーに立ち寄る 16 〖従順 〗…に従って (!abide, live, stand, stickなどと共に ) ▸ abide by the contract 契約に従う 副詞 【近い場所 】1 〖通過 〗(そばを )通り過ぎて; 〈時間が 〉過ぎて ▸ walk on by 歩いて通り過ぎる ▸ Many cars drove by .車がたくさん通り過ぎた ▸ Summer goes by too soon .夏はあまりにあっけなく過ぎ去る 2 〖位置 〗そばに [を ], 近くに [を ]▸ A nurse stood by and took my pulse .看護師がそばに立ち, 脈を計った ▸ sit by 傍観する 【句動詞で 】3 ｟主に米 ｠訪ねて, 立ち寄って (!call, come, go, stopなどの後で ) ▸ drop by for a coffee コーヒーを飲みに立ち寄る 4 わきに, 別にして, 備えて (!keep, lay, standなどと共に ) ▸ put some money by for a trip 旅行に使うお金を別に取っておく b ỳ and b ý ｟主に文 やや古 ｠やがて, まもなく, そのうちに .b ỳ and l á rge ｟主に話 ｠全体的に見て, 概して .名詞 ＝bye 2 .
The Wordsmith Dictionary
The Wordsmith Dictionary