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English-Thai Dictionary

pre-

PRF ก่อน  kon

 

pre-cooked

ADJ ที่ เป็น อาหาร กึ่ง สำเร็จรูป  instant ti-pen-ar-han-kung-sam-red-rub

 

pre-election

ADJ ซึ่ง เกิด ก่อน การเลือกตั้ง  suang-koed-kon-kan-lueak-tang

 

pre-elementary

ADJ เตรียมประถม  triam-pa-tom

 

pre-elementary level

N ชั้น เตรียมประถม  chan-triam-pa-tom

 

pre-existence

N การ มี อยู่ ก่อน  priority kan-me-yu-kon

 

Webster's 1828 Dictionary

PRE-ELECT

v.t.[pre and elect. ] To choose or elect beforehand.

 

PRE-ELECTION

n.Choice or election by previous determination of the will.

 

PRE-EMINENCE

n. 1. Superiority in excellence; distinction in something commendable; as pre-eminence in honor or virtue; pre-eminence in eloquence, in legal attainments or in medical skill.
The preeminence of christianity to any other religious scheme--
2. Precedence; priority of place; superiority in rank or dignity.
That in all things he might have the preeminence. Colossians 1:18.
Painful preeminence! yourself to view
Above life's weakness and its comforts too.
3. Superiority of power or influence.
4. Sometimes in a bad sense; as pre-eminence in guilt or crime.

 

PRE-EMINENT

a.[L. proe, before, and eminens, emineo. See Menace. ] 1. Superior in excellence; distinguished for something commendable or honorable.
In goodness and in power preeminent.
2. Surpassing others in evil or bad qualities; as pre-eminent in crime or guilt.

 

PRE-EMINENTLY

adv. In a preeminent degree; with superiority or distinction above others; as pre-eminently wise or good. 1. In a bad sense; as pr-eminently guilty.

 

PRE-EMPTION

n.[L. proe, before, and emptio, a buying; emo, to buy. ] The act of purchasing before others. 1. The right of purchasing before others. Prior discovery of unoccupied land gives the discoverer the prior right of occupancy. Prior discovery of land inhabited by savages is held to give the discoverer the pre-emption, or right of purchase before others.
2. Formerly, in England, the privilege or prerogative enjoyed by the king, of buying provisions for his household in preference to others, abolished by statute 19. Charles II.

 

PRE-ENGAGE

v.t.[pre and engage. ] To engage by previous contract. To Cipseus by his friends his suit he mov'd,
But he was pre-engag'd by former ties.
1. To engage or attach by previous influence.
The world has the unhappy advantage of pre-engaging our passions.
2. To engage beforehand.

 

PRE-ENGAGED

pp. Previously engaged by contract or influence.

 

PRE-ENGAGEMENT

n.Prior engagement; as by stipulation or promise. A would accept my invitation, but for his pre-engagement to B. 1. Any previous attachment binding the will or affections.
My pre-engagements to other themes were not unknown to those for whom I was to write.

 

PRE-ENGAGING

ppr. Previously engaging.

 

PRE-ESTABLISH

v.t.[pre and establish. ] To establish or settle beforehand.

 

PRE-ESTABLISHED

pp. Previously established.

 

PRE-ESTABLISHING

ppr. Settling or ordaining beforehand.

 

PRE-ESTABLISHMENT

n.Settlement beforehand.

 

PRE-EXAMINATION

n.Previous examination.

 

PRE-EXAMINE

v.t.To examine beforehand.

 

PRE-EXIST

v.i.[pre and exist. ] To exist beforehand or before something else. It has been believed by many philosophers that the souls of men pre-exist, that is, exist before the formation of the body.

 

PRE-EXISTENCE

n.Existence previous to something else. Wisdom declares her antiquity and pre-existence to all the works of this earth.
1. Existence of the soul before its union with the body, or before the body is formed; a tenet of eastern sages.

 

PRE-EXISTENT

a.Existing beforehand; preceding in existence. What mortal knows his pre-existent state?

 

PRE-EXISTIMATION

n.Previous esteem. [Not in use. ]

 

PRE-EXISTING

ppr. Previously existing.

 

PRE-EXPECTATION

n.Previous expectation.

 

Webster's 1913 Dictionary

PRE-

Pre-. Etym: [L. prae, adv. & prep. , before, akin to pro, and to E.for, prep. : cf. F. pré -. See Pro-, and cf. Prior. ]

 

Defn: A prefix denoting priority (of time, place, or rank ); as, precede, to go before; precursor, a forerunner; prefix, to fix or place before; preëminent eminent before or above others. Pre- is sometimes used intensively, as in prepotent, very potent. [Written also præ -.]

 

PRE-RAPHAELITE

PRE-RAPHAELITE Pre-Raph "a *el *ite, n.

 

Defn: Popularly, any modern artist thought to be a would-be restorer of early ideas or methods, as one of the German painters often called Nazarenes, or one who paints and draws with extreme minuteness of detail.

 

New American Oxford Dictionary

pre-

pre- |priː | prefix before (in time, place, order, degree, or importance ): preadolescent | precaution | precede. ORIGIN from Latin prae- .

 

pre-AIDS

pre-AIDS |prēˈādz priˈeɪdz | adjective following infection with HIV but before the full development of AIDS: pre-AIDS patients. before the recognition of AIDS as a disease: we are dealing with an era that was pre-AIDS.

 

pre-Bötzinger complex

pre-Böt zing er com plex |prēˈbœtsiNGər pri ˈbœtsɪŋər ˈkɑːmplɛks | noun a structure in the mammalian brain stem that controls respiration.

 

pre-Christian

pre-Chris tian |prēˈkrisCHən pri ˈkrɪstʃən | adjective of or relating to a time before Christ or the advent of Christianity: the pre-Christian world.

 

pre-Columbian

pre-Co lum bi an |kəˈləmbēən ˈˌpri kəˈləmbiən | adjective of or relating to the history and cultures of the Americas before the arrival of Columbus in 1492.

 

pre-Conquest

pre-Con quest adjective occurring or existing before the Norman conquest of England.

 

pre-cool

pre-cool |priːˈkuːl | verb [ with obj. ] cool in advance.

 

pre-echo

pre-echo |priːˈɛkəʊ | noun ( pl. pre-echoes ) 1 a faint copy heard just before an actual sound in a recording, caused by the accidental transfer of signals. 2 a foreshadowing: one can detect pre-echoes of both the later works. verb [ with obj. ] foreshadow: these three sonatas all pre-echo things to come.

 

pre-elect

pre-elect |priːɪˈlɛkt | verb [ with obj. ] (at Oxford and Cambridge Universities ) elect (someone ) to a post before the time they take up the appointment: she was pre-elected to a junior research fellowship.

 

pre-election

pre-e lec tion |prē -iˈlekSHən ˈˌpri əˈlɛkʃən |(also pre-electoral ) adjective [ attrib. ] occurring or existing in the time leading up to an election: his pre-election speech.

 

pre-embryo

pre-em bry o |prēˈembrēˌō pri ˈɛmbrioʊ | noun technical a human embryo or fertilized ovum in the first fourteen days after fertilization, before implantation in the uterus has occurred. DERIVATIVES pre-em bry on ic |ˌprēˌembrēˈänik |adjective

 

pre-need

pre-need adjective denoting a scheme in which one pays in advance for a service or facility: pre-need funeral sales.

 

pre-Oedipal

pre-Oed i pal |prēˈedəpəl, -ˈēdə -priˌɛdəpəl | adjective Psychology existing or occurring before the onset of the Oedipal phase of development. See Oedipus complex.

 

pre-op

pre-op |ˈprēˌäp ˌpriˈɑp | informal adjective short for preoperative. noun a tranquilizing injection or other treatment administered in preparation for a surgical operation.

 

pre-owned

pre-owned |prēˈōnd ˌpri ˈoʊnd | adjective secondhand.

 

pre-prepare

pre-prepare verb [ with obj. ] (usu as adj. pre-prepared ) prepare or produce (something, especially food ) in advance: a takeaway or pre-prepared meal.

 

Pre-Raphaelite

Pre-Raph a el ite |ˈrafēəˌlīt, -rāfē -, -ˈräfē -priːˈræfəlaɪt | noun a member of a group of English 19th -century artists, including Holman Hunt, Millais, and D. G. Rossetti, who consciously sought to emulate the simplicity and sincerity of the work of Italian artists from before the time of Raphael. Seven young English artists and writers founded the Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood in 1848 as a reaction against the slick sentimentality and academic convention of much Victorian art. Their work is characterized by strong line and color, naturalistic detail, and often biblical or literary subjects. The group began to disperse in the 1850s, and the term became applied to the rather different later work of Rossetti, and that of Burne-Jones and William Morris, in which a romantic and decorative depiction of classical and medieval themes had come to predominate. adjective of or relating to the Pre-Raphaelites. of a style or appearance associated with the later pre-Raphaelites or esp. with the women they frequently used as models, with long, thick, wavy auburn hair, pale skin, and a fey demeanor. DERIVATIVES Pre-Raph a el it ism |-ˌlītˌizəm |noun

 

pre-Roman

pre-Roman adjective relating to a period before the rise or dominance of ancient Rome, or before the conquest of a particular region by the ancient Romans: the Celtic kingdoms of pre-Roman Britain.

 

pre-sell

pre-sell verb [ with obj. ] promote or market (a product ) before it is officially launched: producers can pre-sell a film on the basis of the script.

 

pre-Socratic

pre-So crat ic adjective of, relating to, or denoting the speculative philosophers active in the ancient Greek world in the 6th and 5th centuries bc (before the time of Socrates ), who attempted to find rational explanations for natural phenomena. They included Parmenides, Anaxagoras, Empedocles, and Heraclitus. noun a pre-Socratic philosopher.

 

pre-vocational

pre-vocation ¦al adjective given or performed as preparation for vocational training.

 

pre-wash

pre-wash |prēˈwôSH, -ˈwäSH pri ˈwɔʃ |(also prewash ) noun a preliminary wash, esp. one performed as part of a cycle in an automatic washing machine. a substance applied as a treatment before washing. verb [ with obj. ] give a preliminary wash to (a garment ), typically before putting it on sale.

 

Oxford Dictionary

pre-

pre- |priː, pri | prefix before (in time, place, order, degree, or importance ): pre-adolescent | precaution | precede. ORIGIN from Latin prae- .

 

pre-AIDS

pre-Aids adjective following infection with HIV but before the full development of AIDS: pre-AIDS patients.

 

pre-book

pre-book verb [ with obj. ] (usu. as adj. pre-booked ) book (something ) in advance: a pre-booked hotel reservation. DERIVATIVES pre-bookable adjective

 

pre-Bötzinger complex

pre-Böt zing er com plex |prēˈbœtsiNGər pri ˈbœtsɪŋər ˈkɑːmplɛks | noun a structure in the mammalian brain stem that controls respiration.

 

pre-Christian

pre-Christian |priːˈkrɪstʃ (ə )n | adjective relating to a time before Christ or the advent of Christianity: the pre-Christian world.

 

pre-classical

pre-clas ¦sic ¦al |priːˈklasɪk (ə )l | adjective relating to a time before a period regarded as classical, especially in music, literature, or ancient history.

 

pre-Columbian

pre-Columbian |priːkəˈlʌmbɪən | adjective relating to the history and cultures of the Americas before the arrival of Columbus in 1492.

 

pre-Conquest

pre-Conquest |priːˈkɒŋkwɛst | adjective occurring or existing before the Norman conquest of England.

 

pre-cook

pre-cook |priːˈkʊk | verb [ with obj. ] cook in advance: (as adj. pre-cooked ) : a pre-cooked pastry case.

 

pre-cool

pre-cool |priːˈkuːl | verb [ with obj. ] cool in advance.

 

pre-cut

pre-cut verb [ with obj. ] (usu. as adj. pre-cut ) cut into the desired shape or sections in advance: pre-cut pieces of cloth.

 

pre-echo

pre-echo |priːˈɛkəʊ | noun ( pl. pre-echoes ) 1 a faint copy heard just before an actual sound in a recording, caused by the accidental transfer of signals. 2 a foreshadowing: one can detect pre-echoes of both the later works. verb [ with obj. ] foreshadow: these three sonatas all pre-echo things to come.

 

pre-eclampsia

pre-eclamp ¦sia |priːɪˈklam (p )sɪə | noun [ mass noun ] a condition in pregnancy characterized by high blood pressure, sometimes with fluid retention and proteinuria. DERIVATIVES pre-eclamptic adjective & noun

 

pre-elect

pre-elect |priːɪˈlɛkt | verb [ with obj. ] (at Oxford and Cambridge Universities ) elect (someone ) to a post before the time they take up the appointment: she was pre-elected to a junior research fellowship.

 

pre-election

pre-election |priːɪˈlɛkʃ (ə )n |(also pre-electoral ) adjective occurring or existing in the time leading up to an election: his pre-election speech.

 

pre-embryo

pre-embryo |priːˈɛmbrɪəʊ | noun technical a human embryo or fertilized ovum in the first fourteen days after fertilization, before implantation in the womb has occurred. DERIVATIVES pre-embryonic adjective

 

pre-eminence

pre-eminence |priːˈɛmɪnəns | noun [ mass noun ] the fact of surpassing all others; superiority: the Edinburgh Festival maintains its pre-eminence because of the quality of its programming.

 

pre-eminent

pre-eminent adjective surpassing all others; very distinguished in some way: the world's pre-eminent expert on asbestos. ORIGIN late Middle English: from Latin praeeminent- towering above, excelling , from the verb praeeminere, from prae before + eminere stand out .

 

pre-eminently

pre-eminent ¦ly adverb [ sentence adverb ] above all; in particular: the novel is pre-eminently a realistic genre.

 

pre-empt

pre-empt |priˈɛmpt | verb [ with obj. ] 1 take action in order to prevent (an anticipated event ) happening; forestall: the government pre-empted a coup attempt. act in advance of (someone ) in order to prevent them doing something: it looked as if she'd ask him more, but Parr pre-empted her. 2 acquire or appropriate (something ) in advance: many tables were already pre-empted by family parties. N. Amer. occupy (public land ) so as to have a pre-emptive right to buy it before others. 3 [ no obj. ] Bridge make a pre-emptive bid. noun Bridge a pre-emptive bid. DERIVATIVES pre-emptor noun ORIGIN mid 19th cent.: back-formation from pre-emption .

 

pre-emption

pre-emption |priˈɛmpʃn | noun [ mass noun ] 1 the purchase of goods or shares by one person or party before the opportunity is offered to others: the commission had the right of pre-emption. historical, chiefly N. Amer. & Austral. /NZ the right to purchase public land before the opportunity is offered to others. 2 the action of pre-empting or forestalling, especially of making a pre-emptive attack: damaging retaliation for any attempt at pre-emption. ORIGIN early 17th cent.: from medieval Latin praeemptio (n- ), from the verb praeemere, from prae in advance + emere buy .

 

pre-emptive

pre-emptive |priˈɛmptɪv | adjective serving or intended to pre-empt or forestall something, especially to prevent attack by disabling the enemy: a pre-emptive strike. relating to the purchase of goods or shares by one person or party before the opportunity is offered to others: pre-emptive rights. Bridge denoting a bid, typically an opening bid, intended to be so high that it prevents or interferes with effective bidding by the opponents. DERIVATIVES pre-emptively adverb

 

pre-establish

pre-establish |priːɪˈstablɪʃ | verb [ with obj. ] (usu. as adj. pre-established ) establish (something ) in advance: he had no pre-established plan.

 

pre-exist

pre-exist verb [ no obj. ] (usu. as adj. pre-existing ) exist at or from an earlier time: a pre-existing contractual obligation. [ with obj. ] exist at or from an earlier time than (something ): demons who pre-existed the Great Flood. DERIVATIVES pre-existence noun, pre-existent adjective

 

pre-exposure

pre-exposure |priːɪkˈspəʊʒə, -ɛk- | noun previous or premature exposure to something, especially to a disease or infection: [ as modifier ] : pre-exposure vaccination.

 

pre-ignition

pre-ignition |priːɪɡˈnɪʃ (ə )n | noun [ mass noun ] the premature combustion of the fuel air mixture in an internal-combustion engine.

 

pre-industrial

pre-industrial |priːɪnˈdʌstrɪəl | adjective relating to a time before industrialization: a pre-industrial society.

 

pre-install

pre-install (also pre-instal ) verb another term for preload.

 

pre-loved

pre-loved adjective informal second-hand.

 

pre-med

pre-med noun 1 chiefly N. Amer. a premedical course. a student on a pre-med course. 2 short for premedication. adjective short for premedical.

 

pre-need

pre-need adjective denoting a scheme in which one pays in advance for a service or facility: pre-need funeral sales.

 

pre-Oedipal

pre-Oed i pal |prēˈedəpəl, -ˈēdə -priˌɛdəpəl | adjective Psychology existing or occurring before the onset of the Oedipal phase of development. See Oedipus complex.

 

pre-op

pre-op |ˈpriːɒp | informal adjective short for preoperative. noun a tranquillizing injection or other treatment administered in preparation for a surgical operation.

 

pre-order

pre-order verb [ with obj. ] place an order for (an item ) before it is available for purchase: click on the link below to pre-order the DVD. noun an order for a product placed before it is available for purchase. pre-orders have already put the book at the top of the bestseller lists.

 

pre-owned

pre-owned adjective chiefly N. Amer. second-hand.

 

pre-pack

pre-pack |ˈpriːpak |(also pre-package ) verb [ with obj. ] (usu. as adj. pre-packed ) pack or wrap (goods, especially food ) on the site of production or before sale: pre-packed salmon steaks.

 

pre-plan

pre-plan |priːˈplan | verb [ with obj. ] (usu. as adj. pre-planned ) plan in advance: a pre-planned route.

 

pre-prepare

pre-prepare verb [ with obj. ] (usu as adj. pre-prepared ) prepare or produce (something, especially food ) in advance: a takeaway or pre-prepared meal.

 

pre-press

pre-press adjective relating to composition, page layout, and other work done on a publication before it is actually printed.

 

pre-production

pre-produc ¦tion noun [ mass noun ] work done on a product, especially a film or broadcast programme, before full-scale production begins: [ as modifier ] : the pre-production script.

 

pre-qualify

pre-qualify |priːˈkwɒlɪfʌɪ | verb [ no obj. ] qualify in advance to take part in a sporting event: (as adj. pre-qualifying ) : players who fail at the pre-qualifying stage.

 

Pre-Raphaelite

Pre-Raphaelite |priːˈrafəlʌɪt | noun a member of a group of English 19th -century artists, including Holman Hunt, Millais, and D. G. Rossetti, who consciously sought to emulate the simplicity and sincerity of the work of Italian artists from before the time of Raphael. Seven young English artists and writers founded the Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood in 1848 as a reaction against the slick sentimentality and academic convention of much Victorian art. Their work is characterized by strong line and colour, naturalistic detail, and often biblical or literary subjects. The group began to disperse in the 1850s, and the term became applied to the rather different later work of Rossetti, and that of Burne-Jones and William Morris, in which a romantic and decorative depiction of classical and medieval themes had come to predominate. adjective relating to the Pre-Raphaelites. (especially of a woman ) reminiscent of a Pre-Raphaelite painting, typically in having long, thick, wavy auburn hair, pale skin, and a fey demeanour. DERIVATIVES Pre-Raphaelitism noun

 

pre-record

pre-record verb [ with obj. ] (often as adj. pre-recorded ) record (sound or film ) in advance: a pre-recorded talk. record sound on (a tape ) beforehand: pre-recorded digital audiotapes.

 

pre-release

pre-release |priːrɪˈliːs | adjective 1 relating to or denoting a record, film, or other product that has not yet been generally released: a pre-release version of the software. 2 relating to the period before the release of a suspect or prisoner. noun a film, record, or other product given restricted availability before being generally released.

 

pre-Roman

pre-Roman adjective relating to a period before the rise or dominance of ancient Rome, or before the conquest of a particular region by the ancient Romans: the Celtic kingdoms of pre-Roman Britain.

 

pre-scientific

pre-scientif ¦ic adjective relating to the time before the development of modern science or the application of scientific method.

 

pre-sell

pre-sell verb [ with obj. ] promote or market (a product ) before it is officially launched: producers can pre-sell a film on the basis of the script.

 

pre-service

pre-service adjective relating to the period before a person takes a job that requires training: pre-service courses for graduates.

 

pre-shrunk

pre-shrunk |priːˈʃrʌŋk | adjective (of a fabric or garment ) having undergone a shrinking process during manufacture to prevent further shrinking in use. DERIVATIVES pre-shrink verb

 

pre-tax

pre-tax adjective (of income or profits ) considered or calculated before the deduction of taxes: pre-tax profits rose 23 per cent.

 

pre-teen

pre-teen adjective relating to a child of about eleven or twelve years of age. noun a pre-teen child.

 

pre-tension

pre-tension |priːˈtɛnʃ (ə )n | verb [ with obj. ] apply tension to (an object ) before manufacture or use. strengthen (reinforced concrete ) by applying tension to the reinforcing rods before the concrete has set. DERIVATIVES pre-tensioner noun

 

pre-vocational

pre-vocation ¦al adjective given or performed as preparation for vocational training.

 

pre-war

pre-war adjective existing, occurring, or built before a war: the pre-war years.

 

pre-wash

pre-wash noun a preliminary wash, especially one performed as part of a cycle in an automatic washing machine. a substance applied as a treatment before washing. verb [ with obj. ] give a preliminary wash to.

 

Oxford Thesaurus

pre-eminence

pre-eminence noun his pre-eminence as a historian: superiority, supremacy, greatness, excellence, distinction, prominence, predominance, eminence, peerlessness, transcendence, importance, prestige, stature, fame, renown, celebrity; rare supereminence.

 

pre-eminent

pre-eminent adjective the country's pre-eminent environmentalist: greatest, leading, foremost, best, finest, chief, outstanding, excellent, distinguished, prominent, eminent, important, major, star, top, top-tier, topmost, famous, renowned, celebrated, illustrious, towering, supreme, superior, exceptional, unrivalled, unsurpassed, unequalled, inimitable, incomparable, matchless, peerless, unmatched, arch-, transcendent; N. Amer. marquee; rare supereminent. ANTONYMS unknown, undistinguished; inferior.

 

pre-eminently

pre-eminently adverb the novel is pre-eminently a realistic genre | he was pre-eminently qualified to act as peace broker: primarily, principally, above all, chiefly, mostly, mainly, in particular; particularly, par excellence, especially, manifestly, eminently, supremely, conspicuously, notably, signally, singularly, emphatically, uniquely, outstandingly, incomparably, inimitably.

 

pre-empt

pre-empt verb 1 he seized on the claims, determined to preempt any political criticism of his government: forestall, prevent; steal a march on, anticipate, get in before; informal get one's retaliation in first. 2 many tables were already pre-empted by family parties: commandeer, take possession of, occupy, seize, arrogate, appropriate, take over, take, acquire, secure, reserve.

 

French Dictionary

pré-

pré - préf. préfixe Élément du latin signifiant « en avant ». Note Technique Les mots composés avec le préfixe pré - s ’écrivent en un seul mot. Préavis, préétabli, préretraite.

 

pré-salé

pré -salé n. m. (pl. prés -salés ) nom masculin Mouton qui vient d ’un pâturage voisin de la mer. : Les prés -salés du Mont-Saint-Michel sont tendres et savoureux.

 

Spanish Dictionary

pre-

pre- Prefijo de origen latino que entra en la formación de nombres, adjetivos y verbos con el significado de antes de ’, ‘delante de :preacuerdo, preconcebir, preestablecido .Este prefijo se une a su base salvo cuando esta es un nombre propio, en cuyo caso se separa de ella por un guion: época pre-Picasso .

 

Sanseido Wisdom Dictionary

pre-

pre- /priː, pri, prɪ,prə, pre /接頭辞 (時間 順序 段階などが )前の, 以前の ; 前もって, あらかじめ ; …の前部にある .

 

pre-colonial

pr -col nial 形容詞 植民地化以前の .

 

pre-Columbian

pr -Col mbian /prìː -/形容詞 コロンブス以前 (のアメリカ )の .

 

pre-existing

pr -ex st ing 形容詞 名詞 の前で 〗前から存在する [ある ].

 

pre-loved

pre-loved /prìːlʌ́vd /形容詞 〈家 ペットなどが 〉前の所有者 [飼い主 ]に大切にされた (!広告などで用いる表現 ) .

 

pre-op

pre-op /prìɑ́p /形容詞 ⦅話 ⦆preoperative .

 

pre-owned

pre-owned /prìóʊnd /形容詞 古物の, 中古の .

 

pre-pay

pre-pay /príːpeɪ /形容詞 前払いの .

 

Pre-Raphaelite

Pre-Raph a el ite /prìːrǽfəlàɪt /形容詞 名詞 C ラファエル前派の (画家 ) 〘19世紀のイギリスの美術運動 〙.