English-Thai Dictionary

but

ADV เป็น แต่เพียง  เพียงแต่  only pen-tae-piang

 

but

CONJ แต่  หากว่า  แต่ทว่า  however tae

 

but

PERP ยกเว้น  เว้นแต่  นอกจาก  except yok-wen

 

Webster's 1828 Dictionary

BUT

part. for butan. 1. Except; besides; unless.
Who can it be, but perjured Lycon?
That is, removed, separated, excepted.
Lycon being separated, or excepted, who can it be?
And but infirmity,
Which waits upon worn times, hath something seized
His wish'd ability, he had himself
The lands and waters measured.
That is, except, unless, separate this fact, that infirmity had seized his ability, he had measured the lands and waters.
In this use but, butan, is a participle equivalent to excepting, and may be referred to the person speaking, or more naturally, it is equivalent to excepted, and with the following words, or clause, forming the case absolute.
Who can it be, Lycon being excepted?
And but my noble Moor is true of mind, it were enough to put him to ill thinking.
It cannot be but nature hath some director, of infinite power, to guide her in all her ways.
There is no question but the King of Spain will reform most of the abuses.
It is not impossible but I may alter the complexion of my play.
In the last three examples, that is omitted after but.
It is not impossible but that I may alter the complexion of my play.
In these and all similar phrases, but denotes separation, exception.
2. Only.
A formidable man, but to his friends.
There is but one man present. Our use of but is a modern innovation; but perhaps too firmly established to be corrected. In all such phrases, a negative, not, nothing, or other word, is omitted. He is not a formidable man, but to his enemies, that is, except. There is not but one man present, that is, there is not except or besides one present. So also, "Our light affliction is but for a moment. " 2 Corinthians 4:17. Our affliction is not, except for a moment.
If they kill us, we shall but die. 2 Kings 7:4.
The common people in America retain the original and correct phrase, usually employing a negative. They do not say, I have but one. On the other hand, they say, I have not but one, that is, I have not except one; except one, and I have none. This word but for butan is not a conjunction, nor has it the least affinity to that part of speech.

 

BUT

conj.[Eng. over. ] More; further; noting an addition to supply what is wanting to elucidate, or modify the sense of the preceding part of a sentence, or of a discourse, or to continue the discourse, or to exhibit a contrast.
Now abide faith, hope, charity, these three; but the greatest of these is charity. 1 Corinthians 13:13.
When pride cometh, then cometh shame; but with the lowly is wisdom. Proverbs 11:2.
Our wants are many and grievous; but quite of another kind.
The house of representatives were well agreed in passing the bill; but the senate dissented.
This word is in fact a noun equivalent to addition or supply; but in grammatical construction, no inconvenience results from considering it to be a connective.

 

BUT

n.[L. peto. ] 1. An end; a limit; a bound. It is used particularly for the larger end of a thing, as of a piece of timber, or of a fallen tree; that which grows nearest the earth. It is not often applied to the bound or limit of land; yet butted, for bounded, is often used.
2. The end of a plank in a ship's side or bottom, which unites with another; generally written butt.

 

BUT

v.i.To be bounded by; to lie contiguous to; a word used in America. [See Abut. ]

 

Webster's 1913 Dictionary

BUT

But, prep. , adv. & conj. Etym: [OE. bute, buten, AS. b, without, on the outside, except, besides; pref. be- + outward, without, fr. out. Primarily, b, as well as, is an adverb. sq. root198. See By, Out; cf. About. ]

 

1. Except with; unless with; without. [Obs. ] So insolent that he could not go but either spurning equals or trampling on his inferiors. Fuller. Touch not the cat but a glove. Motto of the Mackintoshes.

 

2. Except; besides; save. Who can it be, ye gods! but perjured Lycon E. Smith.

 

Note: In this sense, but is often used with other particles; as, but for, without, had it not been for. "Uncreated but for love divine. " Young.

 

3. Excepting or excluding the fact that; save that; were it not that; unless; -- elliptical, for but that. And but my noble Moor is true of mind. .. it were enough to put him to ill thinking. Shak.

 

4. Otherwise than that; that not; -- commonly, after a negative, with that. It cannot be but nature hath some director, of infinite power, to guide her in all her ways. Hooker. There is no question but the king of Spain will reform most of the abuses. Addison.

 

5. Only; solely; merely. Observe but how their own principles combat one another. Milton. If they kill us, we shall but die. 2 Kings vii. 4. A formidable man but to his friends. Dryden.

 

6. On the contrary; on the other hand; only; yet; still; however; nevertheless; more; further; -- as connective of sentences or clauses of a sentence, in a sense more or less exceptive or adversative; as, the House of Representatives passed the bill, but the Senate dissented; our wants are many, but quite of another kind. Now abideth faith hope, charity, these three; but the greatest of these is charity. 1 Cor. xiii. 13. When pride cometh, then cometh shame; but with the lowly is wisdom. Prov. xi. 2. All but. See under All. -- But and if, but if; an attempt on the part of King James's translators of the Bible to express the conjunctive and adversative force of the Greek But and if that servant say in his heart, My lord delayeth his coming; ... the lord of that servant will come in a day when he looketh not for him. Luke xii. 45, 46.But if, unless. [Obs. ] Chaucer. But this I read, that but if remedy Thou her afford, full shortly I her dead shall see. Spenser.

 

Syn. -- But, However, Still. These conjunctions mark opposition in passing from one thought or topic to another. But marks the opposition with a medium degree of strength; as, this is not winter, but it is almost as cold; he requested my assistance, but I shall not aid him at present. However is weaker, and throws the opposition (as it were ) into the background; as, this is not winter; it is, however, almost as cold; he required my assistance; at present, however, I shall not afford him aid. The plan, however, is still under consideration, and may yet be adopted. Still is stronger than but, and marks the opposition more emphatically; as, your arguments are weighty; still they do not convince me. See Except, However.

 

Note: "The chief error with but is to use it where and is enough; an error springing from the tendency to use strong words without sufficient occasio,." Bain.

 

BUT

But, n. Etym: [Cf. But, prep. , adv. & conj.]

 

Defn: The outer apartment or kitchen of a two-roomed house; -- opposed to ben, the inner room. [Scot. ]

 

BUT

But, n. Etym: [See 1st But. ]

 

1. A limit; a boundary.

 

2. The end; esp. the larger or thicker end, or the blunt, in distinction from the sharp, end. See 1st Butt. But end, the larger or thicker end; as, the but end of a log; the but end of a musket. See Butt, n.

 

BUT

But, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Butted; p. pr. & vb. n. Butting. ]

 

Defn: See Butt, v., and Abut, v.

 

New American Oxford Dictionary

but

but |bət bət | ▶conjunction 1 used to introduce something contrasting with what has already been mentioned. • nevertheless; however: he stumbled but didn't fall | this is one principle, but it is not the only one. • on the contrary; in contrast: I am clean but you are dirty | the problem is not that they are cutting down trees, but that they are doing it in a predatory way. 2 [ with negative or in questions ] used to indicate the impossibility of anything other than what is being stated: one cannot but sympathize | there was nothing they could do but swallow their pride | they had no alternative but to follow. 3 used to introduce a response expressing a feeling such as surprise or anger: but that's an incredible saving! | but why? 4 used after an expression of apology for what one is about to say: I'm sorry, but I can't pay you. 5 [ with negative ] archaic without its being the case that: it never rains but it pours. ▶preposition except; apart from; other than: in Texas, we were never anything but poor | I trusted no one but him | the last but one. • used with repetition of certain words to give emphasis: nobody, but nobody, was going to stop her. ▶adverb no more than; only: he is but a shadow of his former self | choose from a colorful array of oranges, cherries, and raspberries, to name but a few. ▶noun an argument against something; an objection: no buts —just get out of here | as with all these proposals, ifs and buts abound. PHRASES all but see all. anything but see anything. but for except for: I walked along Broadway, deserted but for the occasional cab. • if it were not for: the game could be over but for you. but that archaic other than that; except that: who knows but that the pictures painted on air are eternal. but then after all; on the other hand (introducing a contrasting comment ): it couldn't help, but then again, it probably couldn't hurt. it's a very hard exam, but then they all are. ORIGIN Old English be-ūtan, būtan, būta ‘outside, without, except ’ (see by, out ). usage: For advice about using but and other conjunctions to begin a sentence, see usage at and .

 

but

but 2 |bʌt | ▶noun Scottish an outer room, especially in a two-roomed cottage. PHRASES but and ben a two-roomed cottage; a humble home. ORIGIN early 18th cent.: from but 1 in the early sense ‘outside ’, specifically ‘into the outer part of a house ’.

 

Oxford Dictionary

but

but 1 |bʌt, bət | ▶conjunction 1 used to introduce a phrase or clause contrasting with what has already been mentioned: he stumbled but didn't fall | this is one principle, but it is not the only one | the food is cheap but delicious | the problem is not that they are cutting down trees, but that they are doing it in a predatory way. 2 [ with negative or in questions ] used to indicate the impossibility of anything other than what is being stated: one cannot but sympathize | there was nothing they could do but swallow their pride | they had no alternative but to follow. 3 used to introduce a response expressing a feeling such as surprise or anger: but that's an incredible saving! | but why? 4 used after an expression of apology for what one is about to say: I'm sorry, but I can't pay you. 5 [ with negative ] archaic without it being the case that: it never rains but it pours. ▶preposition except; apart from; other than: we were never anything but poor | supply currently exceeds demand in all but the most rural areas | the last but one. • used with repetition of certain words to give emphasis: nobody, but nobody, was going to stop her. ▶adverb 1 no more than; only: he is but a shadow of his former self | choose from a colourful array of mango, starfruit, and raspberries, to name but a few. 2 Austral. /NZ & Scottish informal (used at the end of a sentence ) though; however: he was a nice bloke but. ▶noun an argument against something; an objection: no buts —just get out of here | as with all these proposals, ifs and buts abound. PHRASES but for except for: I walked along Broadway, deserted but for the occasional cab. • if it were not for: the game could be over but for you. but that archaic other than that; except that: she would have screamed, but that her cry would have called her masters. but then after all; on the other hand (introducing a contrasting comment ): it couldn't help, but then again, it probably couldn't hurt. it's a very hard match, but then they all are. ORIGIN Old English be-ūtan, būtan, būta ‘outside, without, except ’ (see by, out ). usage: For advice about using but and other conjunctions to begin a sentence, see usage at and .

 

but

but 2 |bʌt | ▶noun Scottish an outer room, especially in a two-roomed cottage. PHRASES but and ben a two-roomed cottage; a humble home. ORIGIN early 18th cent.: from but 1 in the early sense ‘outside ’, specifically ‘into the outer part of a house ’.

 

American Oxford Thesaurus

but

but conjunction 1 he stumbled but didn't fall: yet, nevertheless, nonetheless, even so, however, still, notwithstanding, despite that, in spite of that, for all that, all the same, just the same; though, although. 2 this one's expensive, but this one isn't: whereas, conversely, but then, then again, on the other hand, by /in contrast, on the contrary. ▶preposition everyone but him: except (for ), apart from, other than, besides, aside from, with the exception of, bar, excepting, excluding, leaving out, save (for ), saving. ▶adverb he is but a shadow of his former self: only, just, simply, merely, no more than, nothing but; a mere. PHRASES but for I would not have survived but for your selfless courage: except for, if it were not for, were it not for, barring, notwithstanding. USAGE but It is a gross canard that beginning a sentence with but is stylistically slipshod. In fact, doing so is highly desirable in any number of contexts, as many stylebooks have said (many correctly pointing out that but is more effective than however at the beginning of a sentence )—e.g.: • “The group of Adversative conjunctions represented by BUT (called Arrestive ) very often fulfil [sic ] the office of relating consecutive sentences.... An entire paragraph is not unfrequently devoted to arresting or preventing a seeming inference from one preceding, and is therefore appropriately opened by But, Still, Nevertheless, & c.” (Alexander Bain, English Composition and Rhetoric, 4th ed. ; 1877.) • “But (not followed by a comma ) always heads its turning sentence; Nevertheless usually does (followed by a comma ). I am sure, however, that however is always better buried in the sentence between commas; But is for the quick turn; the inlaid however for the more elegant sweep. ” (Sheridan Baker, The Practical Stylist; 1962.) • “Of the many myths concerning ‘correct ’ English, one of the most persistent is the belief that it is somehow improper to begin a sentence with and, but, for, or, or nor. The construction is, of course, widely used today and has been widely used for generations, for the very good reason that it is an effective means of achieving coherence between sentences and between larger units of discourse, such as paragraphs.” (R. W. Pence and D. W. Emery, A Grammar of Present-Day English, 2d ed. ; 1963.) • “I can't overstate how much easier it is for readers to process a sentence if you start with but when you're shifting direction. ” (William Zinsser, On Writing Well, 6th ed. ; 1998.) • “If you want to begin a sentence by contradicting the last, use but instead of however. " (Christopher Lasch, Plain Style; 2002.) Good writers often begin sentences with but and have always done so. Samples from twentieth- and twenty-first-century writers follow: • “But such simplicity of instinct is scarcely possible for human beings.” (Bertrand Russell, Education and the Good Life; 1926.) • “But it must not be assumed that intelligent thinking can play no part in the formation of the goal and of ethical judgments.” (Albert Einstein, “Science and Religion ” (1939 ), in Ideas and Opinions; 1954.) • “But he had got used to that and it did not disquiet him. ” (Ursula K. Le Guin, The Other Wind; 2001.) These are not good writers on bad days. No: they were having good days. In 1963, researcher Francis Christensen found that 8.75 \% of the sentences in the work of first-rate writers —including H. L. Mencken, Lionel Trilling, and Edmund Wilson —began with coordinating conjunctions (i.e., and and but ). In The New York Times (front page during the 1990s ) and U.S. News & World Report (in 1997 ), the figure is about the same. To the professional rhetorician, these figures aren't at all surprising. All this enthusiasm for the construction, though, needs to be tempered to this extent: don't start consecutive sentences with but. Also, putting this subordinating conjunction twice in one sentence invariably makes the sentence unwieldy and less easy to read —e.g.: “But this opening misleads because the focus dissipates as the play progresses and the scattershot climax drips with sentiment but is ultimately unsatisfying. ” ( Pittsburgh Post-Gazette; Oct. 10, 1997.) (A possible revision: “But this opening misleads because the focus dissipates as the play progresses. Although the scattershot climax drips with sentiment, it's ultimately unsatisfying. ”) The surprisingly common misuse of but for and often betrays the writer's idiosyncratic prejudice. That is, if you write that someone is "attractive but smart, " you're suggesting that this combination of characteristics is atypical —e.g.: “Billy's father. .. is a man of sterling rectitude, poor but honest [read poor and honest ], determined to pass his upcoming naturalization exams.” ( Chicago Tribune; Oct. 24, 1997.) Is the writer really suggesting that poor people are typically dishonest? The use of but in a negative sense after a pronoun has long caused confusion. Is it “No one but she ” or “No one but her ”? When but is a preposition (meaning “except ”), the objective her (or him ) follows. But when but is a conjunction, the nominative she (or he ) is proper. The correct form depends on the structure of the sentence. If the verb precedes the but phrase, the objective case should be used: “None of the defendants were convicted but him. ” But if the but phrase precedes the verb, the nominative case is proper: “None of the defendants but he were convicted. " That sentence is considered equivalent to “None of the defendants were convicted, but he was convicted. ” (Although that rewording doesn't seem to make literal sense —given that he was one of the defendants —it serves to show the grammar of the sentence excepting him from the absolute word none. ) But thus acts as a conjunction when it precedes the verb in a sentence, as in this one from Thomas Jefferson: “Nobody but we of the craft can understand the diction, and find out what [the statute ] means. ” Here the subject of can understand is nobody, and the but heads the understood clause: “nobody can understand, but we can understand. ” The logic here is based on syntax: the native English speaker instinctively rejects as alien-sounding the constructions me know in “No one but you and I know what is on these notice boards ” and him knew in “No one but he knew what this had cost him. ”.Usage notes show additional guidance on finer points of English usage.

 

Oxford Thesaurus

but

but conjunction 1 he stumbled but didn't fall: yet; nevertheless, nonetheless, even so, however, still, notwithstanding, despite that, in spite of that, for all that, all the same, just the same, at the same time, be that as it may; though, although; informal still and all; archaic withal, natheless, howbeit. ANTONYMS and. 2 I am clean but you are dirty: whereas; conversely, but then, then again, on the other hand, by contrast, in contrast, contrarily, on the contrary. ANTONYMS and. 3 one cannot but sympathize: (do ) other than, otherwise than, except. ▶preposition everyone but him had gone: except (for ), apart from, other than, besides, aside from, with the exception of, short of, bar, barring, excepting, excluding, omitting, leaving out, save (for ), saving; informal outside of. ANTONYMS including. PHRASES but for but for the rain he would have gone: if it were not for, were it not for, except for, without, barring, notwithstanding. ▶adverb he is but a shadow of his former self: only, just, simply, merely, no more than, nothing but; a mere; N. English informal nobbut.

 

French Dictionary

but

but n. m. nom masculin 1 Fin, objectif. : Atteindre son but. Le but de la randonnée est le belvédère. Note Technique L ’expression *but final est un pléonasme. 2 sports Espace que doit franchir une rondelle, un ballon pour qu ’un point soit accordé. : C ’est le but gagnant! Un bon gardien de but. LOCUTIONS Aller droit au but. Aller directement au principal, sans détour. Dans le but de. Cette locution, longtemps condamnée, est maintenant admise au sens de « en vue de, dans l ’intention de ». De but en blanc. Brusquement, soudainement. Toucher au but. Parvenir au succès. Prononciation Le t se prononce ou non, [byt, by ]

 

Sanseido Wisdom Dictionary

but

but /bət , ｟強 ｠bʌt /〖「…無しに, …を除いて 」＞「しかし 」〗接続詞 【等位接続詞 】1 a. 〖逆接 譲歩 〗(予想に反する内容を導入して )しかし , だが, でも (!(1 )原則として文法的に同等の要素をつなぐが, 同じ等位接続詞のandほど制限は強くない; →and 3 語法 (2 ). (2 )butに続く節ではしばしば省略が行われる; →and 1 語法 (3 )) ▸ I thought it would rain but it didn't .雨が降るだろうと思ったが降らなかった ▸ The players were tired but (they were ) satisfied .選手たちは疲れていたが, 満足していた (≒ ｟よりかたく ｠Though [Although ] the players were tired, they were satisfied. ≒ ｟ややかたく ｠The players were tired; however , they were satisfied. ; →however 副詞 1 類義 )▸ “Where would you like to sit? ” “Make it a window seat, but if there aren't any left, I'll take an aisle seat. ”「どちらの席がお望みですか 」「窓側の席をお願いします, でももし残っていないようでしたら, 通路側をお願いします 」(↓コーパスの窓 )▸ This kind of project is hard, but not impossible .この種の計画は難しいが不可能ではない ▸ Thank you but I'm full .(お代わりを勧められて )ありがとうございます, でももうお腹がいっぱいです ▸ “Are you all right? ” “It is no concern of yours. But thank you. ”「大丈夫ですか 」「あなたには関係ないわ, でもありがとう 」▸ “I tried to save him …” “But (↗)?” “This is very difficult for me. ”「彼を救おうとはしたんですよ 」「でも何ですか 」「これは私にとって簡単なことではありません 」 (!状況説明を受けた後, butを使って相手の言い分の発言を促す ) ｟作文のポイント ｠彼は姿を見せたが, 重要なことは何も言わなかった .× He showed up, but, he didn't say anything important .○ He showed up, but he didn't say anything important .❢butの直後にはコンマを打たない .｟作文のポイント ｠娘が3人いますが, みな結婚しています .× I have three daughters, but all of them are married .○ I have three daughters, and all of them are married .❢この日本語の 「が 」は逆接を表していないのでbutでは不自然 .読解のポイント 逆接の表現 前の内容と意味上, 対立する内容を述べるのに用いられる. 逆接の表現の前後では, 逆接表現に続く部分に, 内容上の力点が置かれることが多い. 同様の表現に, however 副詞 1, yet 接続詞 , nevertheless, nonetheless, all [just ] the same , even so 1, セミコロン (;), although 1, though 接続詞 1 などがある. 論説文では, 以下に挙げる2つの展開の目印となる. いずれも, 論旨を把握する上で重要な箇所でしばしば用いられる .①譲歩 ⇒逆接 ⇒筆者の主張 筆者の主張を強調するための手法. まず譲歩の部分で 「筆者の主張と対立する内容 (一般論, 論争相手の意見など )」が述べられ, 逆接の表現に続き, 筆者の主張が述べられる (→may 読解のポイント , actually 読解のポイント )▸ Of course , coffee is not associated with serious health risks, but it is far from healthy .もちろんコーヒーは, 深刻な健康上の危険と結びつくことはないが, 健康に良いと言うにはほど遠い (!butに続いて筆者の主張がある; Of courseに続く前半部分は譲歩 ) ▸ Newspaper editors may argue that they are simply reflecting the opinions of the people; however , the press is also responsible for forming people's ideas .新聞編集者は, 自分達は大衆の意見を反映しているにすぎないと主張するかもしれない . だが報道機関には大衆の考えを形成する責任もある (!howeverに続いて筆者の主張がある; 前半は譲歩; 推量のmayも譲歩を示す ) ▸ In our modern society, cars are indeed indispensable. Nevertheless , in order to tackle the global warming issue, we must restrict the use of cars .現代社会には確かに自動車は不可欠だ . しかし地球温暖化問題に対処するには, 車の使用を制限しなければならない (!Neverthelessに続いて筆者の主張がある; indeedを含む第1文は譲歩 ) ▸ Although there are many excellent articles on the issue, I have found a certain amount of unfair reporting .その問題に関してすばらしい記事もたくさんあったが, 不公正な報告もある程度見つかった (!前半のAlthough節が譲歩; 後半が筆者の主張 ) .②対比 対照的な事柄が, 逆接の表現の前後で述べられる. 後半要素に力点がある場合が多いが, 単に対照的な内容を列挙している場合もある (→on the other hand 読解のポイント , now 読解のポイント )▸ Some experts see cloning as the only way to save the panda, but many other experts do not agree with this approach .一部の専門家は, クローン作成がパンダを守る唯一の方法だと考えている . しかし, 他の多くの専門家はこの方法に賛同しない (!Some … otherの対比; butに続く後半部分に力点がある ) ▸ Although your brain accounts for only 2 percent of your body weight, it consumes 20 percent of all the energy you eat .脳は体重の2 ％を占めるに過ぎないが, 摂取されるエネルギー全体の20 ％を消費する (!数値が対比されている; 後半に力点がある ) ▸ Growing up is not about getting older, but about gaining more freedom in life .成長とは年齢を重ねることではなく, 生活の自由を手に入れることだ (!not A but Bの対比; Bに力点がある ) 類義 butとyet, still yet はandと同様に等位接続詞として用いるが, butより ｟ややかたく ｠, 強意的に響き, 時にand [but ] yetの形でも用いる. still は ｟くだけて 主に話 ｠で 副詞 として文頭 文中 時に文尾で用い, 節と節を結ぶ機能はない ▸ Bill studied very hard, (and ) yet he didn't pass the exam. ≒ Bill studied very hard, but he still didn't pass the exam. ≒ Bill studied very hard. Yet [Still ](,) he didn't pass the exam .ビルは一生懸命勉強したが試験に失敗した (!文頭に置かれる文修飾副詞のstillでは後にコンマがある方が普通 ) b. 〖対照 〗…だが , …なのに対して (!この用法ではyetやstillは用いない; (al )thoughを使った書き換えも不自然 ) ▸ Larry lives in Chicago, but Ally lives in Boston .ラリーはシカゴに住んでいるが, アリーはボストンに住んでいる (≒ Larry lives in Chicago (,) while [｟かたく ｠whereas ] Ally lives in Boston .)▸ Carol likes tennis, but her brother prefers swimming .キャロルはテニスが好きだが, 彼女の弟は水泳が好きだ 語法 1 個人的見解を反映する but butの後には前述の部分から期待される内容に反する内容が続くが, 期待される内容は事実とは関係なくあくまで話者の個人的見解を反映する (↓コーパスの窓 )▸ John is rich, but stingy .ジョンは金持ちだがけちだ (!話者が金持ちは気前がよいものだと考えている ) ▸ John is rich, but generous .ジョンは金持ちだが気前がよい (!話者が金持ちはけちなものだと考えている ) 2 ｟コーパス ｠文頭の but butで文を始めることは, andと同様に慎むべきとされるが, andよりも文頭の抵抗感は少なく, 全体のうちの3割から4割程度を占める. ただし, ｟かたく /主に書 ｠では (al )thoughやhowever, neverthelessの方が好まれる (→however 副詞 1 類義 ). 以下のような点にも注意 ▸ (a ) 節が短い場合は, 新たな文を始めるのではなく1つの文にする方が普通 (↑1a 第2例 ). (b ) 重複部分をもつ2節は, 新たな文を始めるより1つの文にまとめる方が簡潔になる ▸ John was quite prepared to join us, but not to pay his share .ジョンは我々に加わる気は満々だが金を払う気はない (!(1 )John was quite prepared to join us. But he was not prepared to pay his share. ではくどい感じ. (2 )John was quite prepared to join us. But not to pay his share. は効率的な文となるが, ｟報道 ｠など特殊な効果を求める文を除いて ｟かたく ｠では避けられる ) .コーパスの窓 対立を際だたせる工夫 既出の内容との対立を際だたせるため, butの後にはさまざまな副詞的表現が特徴的に用いられる ▸ (1 ) 条件 時 場所: if, when , (for ) now , after, before, as soon as, at the moment, recentlyなど. (2 ) 真偽性 可能性: I think , I'm sure, in fact, certainly, actually, really, surely, mostly, obviously, probably, apparentlyなど. (3 ) 焦点化: also, even , at least, simplyなど. (4 ) 対照 譲歩: of course, instead (of A ), at the same time, anywayなど. (5 ) 引用 視点: according to A, in terms of Aなど. (6 ) 列挙: in the end, eventually, again, ultimately, finally, above allなど. (7 ) 頻度: sometimes, usually, always, rarelyなど. (8 ) 評価: (un )fortunately, hopefully, basicallyなど. (9 ) 追加: equally, by the same tokenなど. (10 ) 話者の態度: generally, franklyなど .2 〖not A but B 〗Aではなくて (むしろ )Bで ▸ I saw not John () but Billy (↘). ≒ I didn't see John but (I saw ) Billy .私はジョンに会ったのではなくビリーに会ったのだ (≒ I saw Billy but [and ] I didn't see John. ≒ I saw Billy but [and ] not John. ) (!対照の意図が強くないときはbutの代わりにandも可能 ) ▸ The problem is not that he cannot remember, but that he cannot forget .問題は彼が (それを )思い出せないことではなく, むしろ忘れることができない点にある ▸ I invited you not because I had to, but because I wanted to. ≒ I didn't invite you because I had to, but because I wanted to .私が君を招待したのは, そうしなければならなかったからではなく, そうしたいと思ったからだ (≒ I invited you because I wanted to, not because I had to. )▸ “You know this. Not verbs. Not nouns. But ? (↗)” “Ah, Adjectives.”「これは知ってますね, 動詞ではないし, 名詞でもありません, それでは何かというと 」「ああ, 形容詞ですね 」3 ｟話 ｠(謝罪 依頼内容などを続ける前に断って )… (です )が ▸ I'm sorry, but I'm going to be late .すみませんが, 遅れそうです ▸ Excuse me, but how much is this? すみません, これいくらですか ▸ I hate to say it, but I guess the answer is no .言いにくいのですが, その話はお断りします 4 〖文頭で 〗a. (不同意 不快の念 驚きの表現を導いて )でも ▸ But that's ridiculous! でもそいつはばかげている ▸ “I'm hungry. ” “But you just had lunch! ”「お腹すいたよ 」「でもさっきお昼を食べたばかりでしょ 」▸ “You don't want to know. ” “Oh, but I do. ”「興味ないんでしょ 」「え, いやいや, 興味あるよ 」▸ It's horrible, but is it art? ひどいなあ, それでも芸術なのか b. ｟話 ｠(話題を変えて )さて, では, それより ▸ But now let's get down to business .さて, それでは本題に入るとしよう 5 (前出の語を繰り返して強調する前に )まさに ▸ Nobody, but nobody could comfort her .だれ一人として彼女をなぐさめることはできなかった 6 〖間投詞 などの後で強意的に 〗それにしても (!間投詞 もしくは意味なくつなぎ語としても用いられる ) ▸ I say! But you had a narrow escape! まあ, それにしても危ないところでしたね 【従続接続詞 】 (!but以降に通例否定語は来ない ) 7 ｟文 ｠〖副詞節を導いて 〗a. 〖否定的文脈の後で; 必然的結果を表す節を導いて 〗〖前から訳して 〗…すれば必ず , 〖後ろから訳して 〗…しないで …ない (!but thatも可 ) ▸ He never listened to the symphony but tears came to his eyes .彼はその交響曲を聞くと必ず目に涙を浮かべた (≒ … the symphony without the result that tears came to his eyes. )▸ It never rains but it pours .｟ことわざ 話 ｠降れば必ずどしゃぶり ; 「二度あることは三度ある 」(→rain 動詞 成句 )b. ｟まれ ｠〖条件節を導いて 〗…しなければ , …でなければ (unless, if not ) (!(1 )but that [｟くだけて ｠what ]も可. (2 )but (that )節中は事実を述べるので直説法だが, 主節は仮定法 ) ▸ They would have stayed in Japan, but (that ) their mother became sick .母が病気にならなければ, 彼らは日本にとどまっていただろう (≒… Japan, if their mother hadn't [unless their mother had ] become sick )c. 〖not so [such ] A ～ (that ) …〗…しないほどAではない (that … not ) (!(1 )Aが 形容詞 副詞 の時はsoを, 形容詞 ＋名詞 または程度に段階がある 名詞 の時はsuchを用いる. (2 )｟くだけて ｠ではbut thatの代わりにbut whatも用いる ) ▸ There is no garden so well tilled but some noxious weeds grow in it .いくらよく耕された菜園でも多少の雑草は生えるものだ ▸ He is not such a fool but he can see that .彼はそれがわからないほどばかではない 8 〖否定文 疑問文で; 名詞節を導いて 〗a. …でないということ (that … not ) (!(1 )know, say, be sure, think, believe, fear, expectなどの 動詞 , It is impossible, It cannot be, Is it possibleに続けて. (2 )動詞 に続く場合, butはbut that [｟くだけて ｠what ]となることがある ) ▸ I don't know but it is all true .たぶんそれは全部真実だろう (!「それが全部本当でないとは思われない 」の意から ) ▸ Who knows but he may come here again? 彼はまたやって来るだろう (!「彼が再び来ないとだれが知っているだろうか 」の意から ) ▸ It was impossible but he should see it .彼は必ずそれを見たであろう (!「見ないということはありえなかった 」の意から ) ▸ How is it possible but that we should be discontent? 我々に不満がないなんてことがどうしてありえましょう b. ｟くだけて 比較的まれ ｠〖しばしば ～ that 〗…ということ (!｟コーパス ｠主に 名詞 のquestion, doubt, ｟まれ ｠に 動詞 のdoubt, question, deny, wonderなどに続けて; thatの方が圧倒的に普通 ) ▸ There is no question [doubt ] but (that ) his son was killed in the war .彼の息子が戦死したということに疑問 [疑い ]の余地はない (!名詞 のquestionとdoubtの前には通例no, 時に (not …) any, littleを伴う ) but (…) á lso …しかし (また )…でもある (!not only A but also Bの方が強意的 ) ▸ It's kind of hard, but it's also kind of fun .まあ難しいが, まあ楽しくもある ▸ Ally looked very happy but also very stressed .アリーはとても幸せそうだったが, 非常にストレスがたまっているようにも見えた b ú t for A ｟かたく ｠1 Aがなければ (if it were not for ), Aがなかったら (if it had not been for ) (!仮定法と共に用いる ) ▸ But for your help, we couldn't have done it .あなたの助けがなかったら, それをするのは無理だった (≒If you hadn't helped us, … ≒Without your help, …)2 Aを除けば (except for ).but th é n (again )｟主に話 ｠1 しかし一方では ; そうは言っても (on the other hand )▸ I might go, but then again I might not .行くかもしれない, いや行かないかもしれない 2 それもそのはず …だから ▸ He's always short of breath. But then he's been a smoker for years .彼はいつも息切れしている . だって彼は何年もタバコを吸っているから (≒ À fter á ll, he's been …)3 だがいざ (その時 )となると .no s ó oner … but …｟話 方言 ｠＝no soon er … than ….n ó t but that [what ] …｟かたく ｠…ではないとは言わないが ▸ I cannot do it; not but what a stronger man might .私にはできません, もっと強い人ならできるかもしれないが (!「もっと強い人でもできないかもしれないとは言わないが 」より ) 前置詞 1 …を除いて , …以外に, …のほかは (!no, any, everyおよびそれらの合成語; all, none; who, where, what; ｟主に英 ｠the firstなどの後で; ↓類義 ) ▸ No one but me has heard it. ≒ No one has heard it but me .私以外にそれを聞いた人はいなかった (!No one but I has heard it. のように主格のIを続けるbutは 接続詞 用法となるが ｟かたく まれ ｠; →than 接続詞 1a ) ▸ All but one died .1人を除いて全員が死亡した ▸ My pets give me nothing but pleasure .ペットたちはもっぱら喜びを与えてくれる (!「喜び以外何も与えない 」より; →nothing 成句 ) ▸ The test was anything but difficult .試験は少しも難しくなかった (!「困難以外の何かである 」より; →anything 成句 ) ▸ He had no choice but to pull out of the race .彼にはレースから身を引くこと以外に道はなかった (↓語法 )▸ Who but her would worry about a little thing like that? 彼女以外のだれがそんなささいな事でくよくよするだろうか ▸ I don't blame anybody but myself .私は自分以外のだれも責めはしない (!｟コーパス ｠… but me. より強意的で, このように再帰代名詞を従える場合exceptよりbutの方が優勢 ) ▸ There was nothing I could do but pray for help. ≒ There was nothing [Nothing was ] left but to pray for help .助けを求めて祈るしかなかった (!｟コーパス ｠受け身の後では通例to不定詞が用いられる ) 語法 コーパス butに続くto不定詞 原形不定詞 butの後に 動詞 が続くときは, 前にくる語句によってto不定詞と原形不定詞を使い分ける. nothing [anything, everything, nobody, anyone, everyone, everybody ] butの後は通例toなしの原形不定詞が続き, to不定詞を伴うのは ｟まれ ｠. no, any, everyおよびそれらの合成語とbutの間にほかの語句が挟まれる場合は, to不定詞を伴う割合が増えるが2割程度. 特にno choice [alternative, option ] butではto不定詞を伴うのが普通. cannot choose butでは通例原形不定詞が続きtoを伴うのは ｟まれ ｠. cannot (help ) butでは原形不定詞のみ可能 .類義 コーパス butとexcept except はbutの4倍程度の頻度で用いられ, allやno, any, everyとそれらの合成語など全体を明示する語のほか, other, littleなど全体に近いことを暗示する語句とも広く用いられる (→except コーパスの窓 (1 )). but も全体を明示する語と用いるものの, no, any, everyとそれらの合成語やallが主である. nothing, not (…) anything, noneなどが現れる否定的文脈ではbutの方が好まれる. また, 前置詞句の前で用いられるのはexceptのみ. wh疑問文ではbutの方が普通 ▸ All ants are very much alike except in size .アリというのは皆大きさを除けば似ている ▸ Who but [｟まれ ｠except ] a very few people knows what that really means? ごく一部の人を除いてそれの本当の意味を知っている人がいるのでしょうか 2 ｟主に英 ｠〖next, last, firstの後で 〗…を含めずに (→next 形容詞 成句 )▸ Ally lives next door but one (to me ).アリーは2軒となりに住んでいる (!Ally lives two houses (away ) from me. は ｟米 ｠ ｟英 ｠ともに用いる ) c á nnot [c ó uld not ] but do ｟かたく ｠…せざるをえない [なかった ] (!(1 )｟よりくだけて ｠ではcannotの代わりにcan 'tを, could notの代わりにcouldn 'tを用いることがある. (2 )can't help but do , can't help do ingの方が普通 ) ▸ We cannot but be moved .感動せずにはいられない Wh ò [Wh à t ] should … b ú t A? …したのはだれ [何 ]かと思えば (なんと )A 〈人 物 〉であった (!Aの出現に対する驚きを表す ) .副詞 1 /bət /｟主に文 古 ｠ほんの , ただ (only ); つい, たった (just ); 〖can, couldと共に 〗とにかく (in any case ), 少なくとも (at least )▸ I heard it but now .たった今聞いたところだ ▸ It's probably hopeless. Still, she can but try .恐らく絶望的だろうが, 彼女はとにかくやってみることだ 2 ｟米話 ｠まったく, ほんとに ; しかも (!副詞 を強調 ) .代名詞 ｟文 やや古 ｠〖関係代名詞 〗…でない (that [who ] … not ) (!(1 )否定の意の語を先行詞とする. (2 )butはbut that [｟くだけて ｠what ]となることがある ) ▸ There is nobody but has his faults .欠点のない人はいない 名詞 C 〖通例 ～s 〗「しかし 」(という言葉 ), (…していないという )異議, 反対 ▸ Don't give me any buts, do your homework now! 「でも 」じゃありません, 今すぐ宿題をしなさい ▸ No buts (about it ).｟話 ｠つべこべ言わない ; 言い訳はなし 動詞 他動詞 ｟まれ ｠〈人 〉に 「しかし 」と言う ▸ But me no buts .｟文 ｠「しかし, しかし 」と言わないでください, 弁解 [議論 ]はもうたくさんです (!最初のbutは 動詞 で後者は 名詞 )